Subject Access to Children

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Subject Access to Childrens Fiction

• This presentation was created by
• Margie Clarke
• Sheba Muturi
• Deb Thomas
• Linda Williams
• In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
• LIBR517 Subject Analysis
• Carol Elder/Penny Swanson
• School of Library, Archival and Information
  Studies
• University of British Columbia
• March 23, 2005

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Abstract
The team explored subject access to childrens
fiction with a view toward determining if it
would be a useful addition to a library currently
not subscribing to this practice. We examined
what is being said in the literature, sampled
public library catalogues, had conversations with
public librarians, and investigated different
subject heading approaches. We paid special
attention to literature about how children search
and to industry standards for subject access to
childrens fiction.
Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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Introduction

• The idea of subject access for fiction has been a
  subject of debate among librarians for years
  some believing that subject access to fiction is
  not possible or practical given the nuances of
  literature while others believe it provides a
  vital link to serious subject matter in a less
  threatening form.
• Given the increasing exposure of children to
  global news coverage, parents, educators, and
  librarians need improved access to material that
  can help explain events such as the war in
  Afghanistan, September 11, death, loss, or the
  AIDS epidemic in Africa to name just a few.
• Our focus therefore, is on the presumption that
  providing subject access to childrens fiction is
  beneficial.
• The purpose of our discussion is to find out what
  the literature is saying about this topic
  discover the various ways in which this access is
  manifested in a variety of public libraries in
  British Columbia find out if childrens
  librarians in the province also believe that it
  is beneficial and see if this practice is
  reflected in the cataloguing policies of these
  libraries.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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How Children Search

• To understand subject access to childrens works,
  it is important to understand the searching
  capabilities of children. Children under the age
  of ten are still developing cognitive abilities.
  They do not recall terms, have weak alphabetical
  skills, use word recognition skills, and do not
  apply logic to problem solving. Cognitive
  abilities are better developed in children over
  the age of 10.
• An online catalogue can be overwhelming to even
  an experienced searcher. Children are not
  selective in their viewing. They look at all
  materials presented on the screen, and tend to
  read every entry and sound out words they do not
  know.
• Steps in searching are problematic for children.
  They use natural language when controlled
  vocabulary may be required. The vocabulary of
  many Library of Congress subject headings
  requires knowledge of terms that are above the
  sixth grade reading level (Zuiderveld, 1998, p.
  49).
• The browsing process that is successful in
  non-fiction does not have the same application
  for works of fiction. Non-fiction books are much
  more accessiblebecause books on the same subject
  are grouped together. The organization of
  fiction, on the other hand, by authors last
  names, is difficult for young readers. An
  arrangement based on authors last name makes no
  sense to children
• (Priest-Ploetz, 2003, p. 25-26).

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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Online catalogs, along with such accepted
library practices as using DDC, LC Subject
Headings, and rule based bibliograpic records,
can be considered barriers to successful
information retrieval by young children
(Zuiderveld, 1998, p. 49). One solution would be
to apply the same subject headings for the same
work in different formats. So doing will increase
the consistency of retrieval. Other suggestions
include the use of uniform titles to be used for
stories with many versions, and if an item is
part of a collection, make sure access is
provided to individual titles within the
collection. Zuiderveld suggests that the
Annotated card program and the Guidelines for
standardized cataloging of childrens materials
are both appropriate for children. Catalogers
must be aware of using language that children can
read and understand when assigning subject
headings, writing summaries and establishing
headings (Zuiderveld, 1998, p. 51).
Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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Subject Heading Approaches

• Library of Congress Annotated Card (AC) Program
• Background and Scope
• In 1965 the Library of Congress realized that
  LCSH was not working for childrens materials.
  The Childrens Literature Cataloguing Office was
  established and became responsible for adapting
  cataloguing for use in juvenile catalogues. This
  new program became the Annotated Card Program
  (AC). The AC Program provides a more appropriate
  subject analysis of juvenile titles and offers
  easier subject access to the materials than
  standard Library of Congress cataloguing (Hearn,
  2003, p. 11). The target audience for AC headings
  is children and young adults in school and public
  libraries. They are not designed to serve the
  research needs of scholars studying childrens
  literature. Presently there are approximately
  1,000 Library of Congress AC headings. AC records
  are included in the Library of Congress
  Cataloguing in Publication (CIP) program. The AC
  subject terms appear in square brackets.
• Principles and Application
• There are three categories of AC headings
• Standard Library of Congress
• Modified Library of Congress
• Headings exclusively for the AC program.
• Subject Access to Childrens Fiction

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• Standard Library of Congress
• This is the most numerous of the categories it
  includes topical headings, most proper names,
  geographic names and subdivisions.
• Modified Library of Congress
• Hyphens are sometimes removed from LC headings
  e.g. Water supply not
• Water-Supply
• Foreign names are used in their most familiar
  form
• Subdivisions sometimes used instead of inverted
  headings e.g. Birds--
• Protection not Birds, Protection of
• Superfluous words and phrases are omitted. It is
  thought to be redundant to put
• references to children in a childrens
  catalogue e.g. Parties is used in AC not
• Childrens parties
• Juvenile belles lettres (including picture books,
  easy readers and young adult
• novels) are given full subject analysis
  (Zuiderveld, 1998). Both individual and
• collected works of fiction are considered
  to provide information about topics,
• places, persons, etc., which is made
  accessible with headings (Hearn, 2003)
• Headings for abstract concepts are also
  recognized because it is felt that such
• headings provide a useful approach to an
  important part of a librarys collection

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• Use of qualifiers and subdivisions
• AC Program headings can include qualifiers, as do
  many of the LCSH headings authorized by the
  guidelines.
• A small number of subdivisions, which differ in
  their use between the two systems, are defined in
  the guidelines. To provide a helpful approach to
  the literature the subdivision Fiction should
  be assigned to all subjects for individual and
  collected works on identifiable topics e.g.
  Sports--Fiction not Sports stories.
• Level of specificity
• Level of specificity is another area where LCSH
  and AC differ. AC will permit both general and
  more specific topical headings to be applied to
  the same work.
• Common names are often used instead of the
  scientific however both names can be assigned
  e.g. Test tube babies (The equivalent LCSH
  heading is Fertilization in vitro, Human). If
  the book was for an older child, both can be
  used for a younger child only Test tube babies
  would be assigned.
• Relation to LCSH
• In addition to the above points, the dependence
  of LCs childrens headings on the full LCSH must
  be noted. Headings on the AC list are only
  defined in exceptional cases, where the LCSH
  heading is inappropriate for some reason. The
  only authority for the majority of the headings
  used in AC Program practice is LCSH. It is not a
  system that can stand on its own, and only a
  small fraction of its headings are authorized by
  distinct, AC Program online authority records
  (Hearn, 2003). As a result, the implementation
  of authorization for AC Program headings in
  online systems has been problematic. The AC can
  really only be used in a stand-alone childrens
  catalogue which also limits its use.
• Subject Access to Childrens Fiction

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Sears Subject Headings

• Background and Scope
• Use of Sears Subject Headings List has been
  significantly reduced in recent years by the
  predominance of copy cataloguing. Vendors who
  supply school libraries with cataloguing services
  or bibliographic tools will tend to chiefly use
  Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
  because they can download records from OCLC or
  Library of Congress with these headings (Weihs,
  2004).
• The smallest of public libraries may use LCSH for
  similar reasons purchased records will contain
  LCSH and free sources of copied records (CIP,
  OCLC, Library of Congress) all use them.
  Additionally, even the smallest of public
  libraries now contribute records to union
  databases where the common standard is LCSH.
• Sears is still commonly used in small special
  collections where cataloguers are assigning their
  own headings and cannot afford the much more
  expensive LCSH, in education classes on technical
  services, and in school libraries in other
  countries (Weihs, 2004). Interestingly, it may
  also be used as an alternative to the Relative
  Index in LCSH because it relates its headings to
  the Abridged Dewey Decimal Classification (Weihs,
  2004).
• Subject Access to Childrens Fiction

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• Earlier editions of Sears cautioned against using
  headings that reflected setting, character or
  theme for individual literary works because it
  was felt that they would be less specific than
  the unique characters and situations in a work
  of fiction (SAC Fiction Guidelines Final Report,
  p. 13). However, in the 18th edition (2004) a
  significant section of the Principles has been
  added to address those who want to provide
  micro-subject access to works of fiction such as
  Nurses--Fiction (Simpson, 2004, p. 43). Sears
  caution obviously did not affect use of fiction
  subject headings. Many public libraries have been
  using subject terms for fiction (as well as
  headings for characters) for well over 30 years.
• Relation to LCSH
• Sears no longer uses any inverted headings
• Sears is more flexible than LCSH, allowing for
  the addition of headings under various topics as
  needed
• Sears tends to use natural language while LCSH
  may use scientific terms and inverted headings
• Sears only updates in print every 3 years and
  does not yet have an online version for interim
  updates (Zuiderveld, 1998).

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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Guidelines on subject access to individual works
of fiction, drama etc. (GSAFD)

• Background and Scope
• First published in 1990 and prepared by American
  Library Associations Subject Analysis Committee
  (SAC) the purpose of GSAFD was to provide genre
  and subject access to individual works of
  fiction. Through the OCLC/LC fiction project, the
  subcommittee on the revision of GSAFD was charged
  with enhancing access by genre and subject. The
  OCLC/LC Fiction project proposes subject headings
  for fictional characters to be added to LCSH
  while OCLC provides the resources to make these
  additions in the LC MARC database. GSFAD is
  intended for individual works of fiction, drama,
  poetry, humor and folklore in all formats (ALA,
  2000, p. 47) not collections of the same, as
  these are presumably catered for in LCSH.
• The guidelines are aimed at academic and public
  libraries committed to providing better subject
  access to fiction for their users. (ALA, 2000,
  p. 47) By 2000, project members exceeded 15,000
  and the number of subject headings added to LCSH
  exceeded 1,500.
• The guidelines are general, and therefore not
  specific to childrens literature but provide for
  some juvenile literature subdivisions. As these
  are not exhaustive, librarians would need to use
  LCSH form/genre headings where GSFAD fails to
  provide qualified headings such as Science
  fiction, American.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Principles and application
• GSAFD recommends the provision of four kinds of
  subject access for fiction form/genre,
  characters/groups of characters, settings and
  topical access.
• Use of qualifiers and subdivisions
• Any concept regarding an individual work that can
  be expressed as a topical heading should be
  changed, by adding a form subdivision to LCSH
  headings.
• As many topical headings as the work warrants
  should be assigned (ALA, 2000). Form
  subdivisions should be added to all subject
  headings whether headings are topical,
  geographical or name headings. Examples of form
  subdivisions include --Fiction, --Comic books,
  strips etc.,--Drama, and --Juvenile pictorial
  works. The guidelines however give minimal
  direction and examples on the use of subdivisions
  and do not provide an established list of form
  subdivisions.
• Geographic subdivisions are recommended, modeled
  on LCSH, to qualify topical subject headings
  (ALA, 2000).
• Level of Specificity
• GSAFD recommends that both broader and narrower
  terms are not assigned to the same work (ALA,
  2000).

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Form/genre access
• These indicate what the work is rather than what
  it is about. In fiction for example, novels
  belonging to a given genre share typical
  characteristics such as setting (western
  stories), theme (mystery fiction) etc. The
  guidelines recommend that a work should be
  assigned as many form/genre headings as
  appropriate. The recommended headings are drawn
  from LCSH but include non-LCSH headings. There
  are some inconsistent instructions within the
  guidelines especially relating the use of
  stories versus fiction. Fiction is preferred
  in most cases, but terms reflecting popular usage
  such as ghost stories are accepted. While
  sub-genres are not used, GSAFD provides for a
  fairly high level of specificity in order to
  avoid broad terms that bring up an excessive
  number of hits --Love stories are therefore
  distinguished from Medieval romance, Contemporary
  romance and Alternate reality romance.
• Character access
• Guidelines are not intended for works about
  characters but to provide subject access for
  characters in works of fiction, drama etc e.g.
  Jemima (Fictitious character). The guideline is
  to assign headings for fictitious and legendary
  characters if
• characters appear prominently in three or more
  works
• the character is considered to appear prominently
  if integral to the story line
• the characters name is included in name/series
  statement
• a patron may seek the work based on character
  (ALA, 2000).
• The form of name used should be that appearing in
  LCSH authorities. Appropriate parenthetical
  qualifiers should be added as necessary e.g. Thor
  (Cartoon character), Thor (Dog).
• Subject Access to Childrens Fiction

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• Setting access
• The setting access is one of the unique aspects
  of GSAFD. The guidelines recommend assigning
  subject headings for locations and/or time period
  of a work of fiction, drama etc. when judged to
  be important for retrieval. Setting may also be
  indicated through geographical subdivision of
  topical headings.
• Fictional treatment of real places Name assigned
  as found in name or subject/authority file.
• Fictitious/imaginary setting Assigned if
  appearing in at least 3 different works. Name
  assigned as in LCSH or established using AACR2.
  Imaginary place used to qualify headings e.g.
  Middle Earth (Imaginary place).
• Relation to LCSH
• GSAFD sections dealing with character, setting
  and topical access for individual works of
  fiction are based on the LCSH instructions for
  assigning subject headings and divisions. On the
  other hand, as some character and imaginary
  headings are generated by catalogers as
  necessary, these end up in the LCSH authority
  files.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Fiction Guidelines Today
• The report of the Subject Access Committee on
  Fiction Guidelines was published in June 2003.
  Their job was to look at the application of
  subject and genre headings to works of fiction in
  Guidelines on Subject Access to Individual works
  of Fiction, Drama, etc., (GSAFD), Library of
  Congress (LC) Annotated Card program, Sears list
  of Subject Headings and LC Cataloging practice
  and to develop recommendations for guidelines for
  improved subject and genre access to works of
  fiction. They also consulted with the editors of
  those programs who indicated that there are no
  imminent changes in policy regarding subject
  access for individual works of fiction.
• The Committee agreed that it is not possible to
  identify a specific set of guidelines, nor is it
  desirable. Some of their reasons are
• There is not consensus in the library community
  about determining the subject and genre of a work
  of fiction
• The library cataloguing community needs to
  develop methods to reconcile variations in the
  vocabulary that is used to give access to works
  of fiction
• The consistent use of MARC content designators
  must be mandated
• Current subject headings schemes exist, and while
  the cataloguing landscape has changed, the
  changes have not rendered these systems useless
• Catalogers need to make informed choices between
  the schemes that are available.
• Schemes are available and differences between
  them may be resolved. An example is that
  differences between LCSH and GSAFD were resolved
  with revisions to the LC Subject Cataloging
  manual. Section H 1790 includes Special
  provisions for increases subject access to
  fiction, which addresses practices with regards
  to form, genre headings, character(s), setting
  and topical access.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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Information gathering from our professional
colleagues

• We spoke with childrens librarians and
  cataloguers at the following libraries
• New Westminster Public Library (NWPL)
• Vancouver Public Library (VPL)
• Richmond Public Library (RPL)
• Greater Victoria Public Library (GVPL)
• We asked the following general questions
• 1. What is your local subject access policy for
  childrens fiction?
• 2. Is this policy applied consistently?
• 3. What are the age parameters for your
  childrens collection?
• 4. Where do you get your fiction subject
  headings?
• 5. What are the specific challenges in regard to
  subject access to childrens fiction in your
  library?

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Our findings
• All of the libraries consulted used subject
  headings for childrens fiction.
• All of the headings used were derived from
  Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) or
  Canadian Subject Headings (CSH) and would be
  found in records downloaded from Library of
  Congress or OCLC or purchased from vendors.
• Three of the four libraries adjusted the headings
  to suit the local collection and one noted that
  they regularly create local headings to enhance
  access. One other noted that this is done but
  rarely.
• See and See Also references are used liberally to
  refer searchers from common usage to LC headings.
  
• The librarians noted that the headings did not
  tend to be used by children but rather by parents
  and teachers or by librarians assisting
  children. However, children using keyword
  searches would find this material under a
  particular topic because of the assigned subject
  heading, eg. Walter Farleys Black Stallion
  would be found in a keyword search for Horses
  if its record included the heading
  Horses--Juvenile Fiction.
• Other formats video, audio, and even paperbacks
  may not have headings assigned to them.
• Two of the libraries rely heavily on in-house
  tools for children or parents that categorize
  titles under commonly used terms Friendship,
  Tear-jerkers, Easy reads.
• Two librarians noted that the reference A to Zoo
  Subject access to childrens picture books by
  Carolyn W. Lima (6th edition, 2001) is very
  helpful in identifying books about feelings and
  other less concrete concepts.
• Subject Access to Childrens Fiction

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• Challenges experienced by the libraries consulted
  were
• Paperback titles are not given subject headings
  so titles that only come out in paper will be
  missed in subject searches (NWPL).
• LC subject headings may use terminology that is
  inappropriate for a particular topic when related
  to a childrens book. For example, mischief in
  children will translate into Behavior disorders
  in children not quite the right phrase to
  describe Max (Where the wild things are) or
  Olivia (Olivia)! (VPL).
• No local treatment is given to purchased book
  records so subject headings are as received and
  not always the most appropriate for the
  collection and the user population. As a result,
  the librarians do not often use the headings
  (RPL).
• Keeping the headings simple to maximize recall
  means that some headings (Magic--Juvenile Fiction
  for example) may bring up hundreds of titles
  (GVPL).

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Each had some unique practice intended to enhance
  access to fiction for children by subject
• New Westminster Public Library uses Stories (as
  in Horses--Stories) rather than more common
  Juvenile Fiction because they believe fiction
  is not a commonly understood term
• Richmond Public Library shelves their picture
  books in categories such as Songs and rhymes,
  Things that go, and Favorite Friends and
  depends less heavily on subject headings for
  access
• Vancouver Public Library provides Tips on finding
  childrens fiction in the Librarys catalogue
• Greater Victoria Public Library will add subject
  headings to improve access to work of childrens
  fiction before discarding for low circulation.
• Conclusion
• Three of the four libraries consulted used words
  like very useful, very used and appreciated,
  and absolutely vital to describe the use of
  subject headings for childrens fiction. The one
  library that did not find them useful did not
  because no effort was made to make them locally
  relevant. Librarians in this library depended on
  their own knowledge of topics and the use of
  references like A to Zoo to provide subject
  access to childrens fiction.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Comparison of Selected Titles
• The titles were selected based on their content
  which represents difficult situations that
  children may be confronted with. The subjects
  include death of a pet, disease (HIV/AIDS),
  divorce, homelessness, juvenile delinquency, and
  gay parents. In four randomly selected public
  libraries, the subject headings for these titles
  were compared to provide an overall picture of
  the decisions made and policy governing the
  assignment of subject headings. The libraries are
  Greater Victoria Public Library (GVPL), Vancouver
  Public Library (VPL), Richmond Public Library
  (RPL), and New Westminster Public Library (NWPL).

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Author Ellis, Deborah
• Title Heaven shop
• Summary Binti and her siblings are orphaned when
  their father dies of AIDS. Split up and sent to
  relatives all over Malawi, they suffer increasing
  hardship until they are reunited through the
  influence of their formidable grandmother.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Author Lawson, Julie
• Title Fires burning
• Summary While spending the summer with her
  cousins on Vancouver Island, sixteen-year-old
  Chelsea, driven to acts of pyromania in reaction
  to her parents' divorce and years of sexual
  abuse, finally gains the confidence to break her
  silence and confront her abuser.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Author Valentine, Johnny.Title One dad, two
  dads, brown dad, blue dads
• Summary Not available

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Author Viorst, Judith.
• Title 10th Good thing about Barney.
• Summary In an attempt to overcome his grief, a
  boy tries to think of the ten best things about
  his dead cat.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Author Langton, Jane.
• Title Fragile flag
• Summary A nine-year-old girl leads a march of
  children from Massachusetts to Washington, in
  protest against the President's new missile which
  is capable of destroying the earth.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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• Author Sachar, Louis.
• Title Holes
• Summary As further evidence of his family's bad
  fortune which they attribute to a curse on a
  distant relative, Stanley Yelnats is sent to a
  hellish correctional camp in the Texas desert
  where he finds his first real friend, a treasure,
  and a new sense of himself.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
27

• Summary
• The comparison of the titles is limited by the
  fact that not all the libraries had all the
  titles. A comparison of the subject headings
  assigned to these titles reveals the following
• There seems to be no limit to assigning as many
  subject headings as found necessary to indicate
  all the subtle points of view. Some libraries do
  not assign subject headings to paperbacks, which
  hinders access to these works. This practice has
  persisted since the time when paperbacks were
  considered ephemeral. If it is worth entering the
  paperback into the catalogue, it is worth
  providing subject headings to facilitate access.
• Libraries that receive shelf-ready titles may
  have fewer and more general headings.
• It is clear that many libraries use the subject
  headings that come in the out-sourced catalogue
  record and some will modify them to reflect local
  needs. Greater Victoria Public Library seems
  outstanding in reflecting local aspects in their
  subject headings.
• There are significant differences in the form
  subdivision used to qualify the work as libraries
  use stories, juvenile fiction or fiction. The use
  of the subdivision stories is good, in terms of
  being universally understandable to everyone, but
  it means that the resulting heading does not
  distinguish between adult and childrens fiction,
  unless the holding information is consulted.
• The level of specificity will vary from library
  to library perhaps in keeping with the rest of
  the collection.
• Subject Access to Childrens Fiction

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Conclusion/Recommendation

• The teams review of the literature supported our
  understanding that subject access to childrens
  fiction was a common and long-standing practice.
• Our discussions with librarians in the field
  emphasized the importance of this practice for
  access to childrens fiction by topic. Anecdotal
  evidence showed how childrens fiction has been
  used to comfort a child after a death in the
  family, explain difficult concepts such as
  Alzheimers or divorce, and demonstrate
  acceptance to a child of mixed race or gay
  parents.
• Investigations of subject approaches revealed
  Library of Congress to be most frequently used
  due to its prevalence in bibliographic utilities
  and CIP, even though it is not specifically
  designed for childrens collections like some
  other approaches. Libraries that enhanced these
  headings with the addition of locally relevant
  headings and liberal use of SEE references found
  them most useful. More work could still be done
  here as these headings are still not commonly
  used by children but rather by parents, teachers
  and librarians.
• Therefore, the team strongly recommends the use
  of subject access to childrens fiction and would
  encourage enhancement of these headings at the
  local level to make them fully relevant to the
  librarys collections and its users.
• Subject Access to Childrens Fiction

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References

• American Library Association. (2000). Guidelines
  on subject access to individual works of fiction,
  drama, etc. 2nd ed. Chicago American Library
  Association.
• American Library Association. (2003). Final
  Report of SAC Subcommittee on Fiction Guidelines.
  Chicago American Library Association. Retrieved
  February 13, 2005, from http//www.ala.org/ala/alc
  tscontent/catalogingsection/catcommittees/subjecta
  nalysis/fictionguideline/fictionguidelines.htm
• Hearn, S. (2003). Library of Congress Annotated
  Card (AC) Program (LC Childrens
• Subject Headings.) In Final Report of SAC
  Subcommittee on Fiction Guidelines.
• Retrieved February 15, 2005, from
  http//www.ala.org/ala/alctscontent/catalogingsect
  ion/catcommittees/subjectanalysis/fictionguideline
  /fictionguidelines.htm
• Library of Congress Annotated Card Program AC
  Subject Headings. (2000). In Library of Congress
  Subject Headings. Washington Library of
  Congress.
• Priest-Ploetz, S.(2003). Looking at the reading
  preferences of K-2 Students. Library
• Media Connection (August/September), 24-28.
• Weihs, J. (2004). Sears List of Subject Headings
  review. Technicalities 24 (November/December),
• 17-18.
• Zuiderveld, S. (Ed.). (1998). Cataloging
  correctly for kids an Introduction to the tools.
  Chicago American Library Association.

Subject Access to Childrens Fiction
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Discussions with Librarians

• Andersen, Kirsten. Richmond Public Library.
  Discussion with Linda Williams. February 4, 2005.
  
• Clark, Terri. Vancouver Public Library.
  Discussion with Deb Thomas. February 17, 2005.
• Heaney, Ellen. New Westminster Public Library.
  Discussion with Sheba Muturi. February
• 14, 2005.
• Rowan, Jennifer. Greater Victoria Public Library.
  Discussion with Margie Clarke. January
• 29, 2005.
• Woodcock, Linda. Vancouver Public Library.
  Discussion with Deb Thomas. February 10,
• 2005.