Getting a Grip on Standards

1
Getting a Grip on Standards

• by Craig K. Harmon
• President, Q.E.D. Systems

2
Q.E.D. Systems Craig K. Harmon President
Visit our web sites http//www.qed.org and
http//www.autoid.org
http//www.autoid.org/presentations/F-ISCW_2003_RF
ID_Stds.zip

• Chair, ASC INCITS T6 (Radio Frequency
  Identification) - ANS INCITS 2561999, 2001
• Chair, U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4
  RFID
• Chair, ASC MH 10/SC 8/WG 4, RFID for Returnable
  Containers
• Chair, ISO TC 122/WG 4 (Shipping Labels) ISO TC
  122/WG 7 (Product Packaging)
• Chair, ISO TC 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain
  Applications of RFID
• Senior Project Editor ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG
  3 (RFID - Air Interface)
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International
  Telecommunications Union (ITU-R)
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International
  Air Transport Association (IATA)
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison to the European
  Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
• ASC MH 10/SC 8 Liaison Universal Postal Union
  (UPU) Physical Encoding Group (PEG)
• Expert to USPS Strategic Technology Council
• ISO TC 104 (Freight Containers / RFID) Liaison
  Officer to JTC 1/SC 31
• Project Editor, ISO 18185 (Freight Containers -
  Electronic Container Seals)
• Chairman Project Editor, ANS MH10.8.2 (Data
  Application Identifiers)
• Vocabulary Rapporteur to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31
• Project Editor, American Trucking Association
  (ATA) ADE Work Group
• AIAG Bar Code, Applications, 2D, Tire,
  Returnables, and RFID Committees
• Project Editor, EIA Shipping Label, Product,
  Product Package, Component Marking
• Advisor, U.S. Department of Defense in Migration
  to Commercial Standards

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The Layers of Logistic Units (Optically Readable
Media)
Layer 5ISO TC 204 (None)AIAG B-15
Movement Vehicle (truck, airplane, ship, train)
Layer 4ISO TC 104 (None)
Container (e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)
Layer 3ISO TC 122/WG 4 (15394)ANS MH10.8.1AIAG
B-10/14EIA 556-BUCC 6 / Genl EAN Spec
Layer 2ISO TC 122/WG 4 (15394)ANS MH10.8.1AIAG
B-10/14EIA 556-BUCC 6 / Genl EAN Spec
Layer 1ISO TC 122/WG 7 (22742) ANS MH10.8.6AIAG
B-4 EIA 621/624 IEC 62090 UCC 1 / Genl EAN Spec
Layer 0ISO TC 122 (TBD)ANS MH10.8.7AIAG
B-4EIA SP-3497UCC 1 / Genl EAN Spec
4
The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency
Identification - RFID)
Layer 5ISO TC 104 (ISO 14816)ISO TC 204IATA
ISO TC 8AAR
Movement Vehicle (truck, airplane, ship, train)
Layer 4 (433 MHz, 860-930 MHz)ISO 122/104 JWG
(ISO 10374)ISO TC 104 (ISO 18185)ISO TC 104
(ISO 14816)ISO 17363 (122/104 JWG)
Container (e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)
Layer 3 (433 MHz, 860-930 MHz)ISO 17364 (122/104
JWG)ANSI MH10.8.4AIAG (TBD)EIA (TBD)EAN.UCC
GTAG
Layer 2 (860-930 MHz)ISO 17365 (122/104 JWG)
ANSI MH10.8.8AIAG (TBD)TCIF (TBD)
Layer 1 (860-930 MHz) ISO 17366 (122/104 JWG)
Layer 0 (860-930 MHz) ISO 17367 (122/104 JWG)
AIAG B-11
5
Compatibility
Compatibility Suitability of products, processes
or services for use together under specific
conditions to fulfill relevant requirements
without causing unacceptable interactions.
Interchangeability, interoperability, and
non-interference are differing levels (or
degrees) of compatibility. Interchangeability The
condition that exists between devices or systems
that exhibit equivalent functionality, interface
features and performance to allow one to be
exchanged for another, without alteration, and
achieve the same operational service. Interoperab
ility The condition that exists between systems,
from different vendors, to execute bi-directional
data exchange functions, in a manner that allows
them to operate effectively together. A guarantee
of a certain level of compatibility between
different implementations of the same standard.
The desired level of compatibility is specific to
a given standard, and can be limited to basic
services. Interconnection and interoperability
are the main objectives of standardization.
Non-interference The condition that exists
where standard-compliant components of various
types or of different vendor origins co-exist
within the same space without serious detrimental
effect on one anothers performance. Components
are not required to communicate with one another
as part of a common infrastructure, but only to
peacefully co-exist.
6
Standards Organizations
International
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
(United Nations)
Universal Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1)
SC 31 Automatic Data Capture
ITU-T (fka CCITT) Telecommunications
SC 17 IC Cards
TC 122 Packaging
WG 1 - Symbology
WG 2 - Data Content
ITU-R (fka CCIR IFBR) Radio-frequency Issues
TC 104 Freight Containers
WG 3 - Conformance
WG 4 - RFID
ITU-D (fka BDT) Telecommunications Development
TC 8 Ships Marine Tech
WG 5 - RTLS
Regional
Comité Européen Normalisation Electrotechnique
(CENELEC)
Comité Européen Postal Telegraph (CEPT)
Comité Européen Normalisation (CEN)
ECMA
ODETTE
National
Standards Australia (SAA)
Deutches Institut fur Normung (DIN)
British Standards Institution (BSI)
ANSI
AFNOR
JISC
IEEE
INCITS
MHI
UCC
EIA
AIM
Other
T6
B10
Industry
ATA
CompTIA
EIA
HIBCC
UCC
AIA
Other
VDA
AIAG
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AIDC Focused ISO Standards
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) - IT
Technical Committee (TC) 122 (Packaging)
WG 4 (Transport Labels)
ISO/IEC JTC 1 Subcommittee 31
WG 7 (Package Labels)
Secretariat Uniform Code Council (UCC)
National Body (NB) Technical Advisory Groups (TAG)
WG 1 Data Carrier
WG 2 Data Structure
WG 3 Conformance
WG 4 RF Tags
WG 5 RTLS
U.S. TAG Administrator MHI
Convener S. Ackley (US)
Convener E. Boonet (BE)
Convener C. Swindin (UK)
Convener H. Barthel
Convener M. Harmon
Shipping Labels
DAI
Code 39
Linear Print Quality
API
Air Interface
2450 MHz
Data Syntax
ITF
2D Print Quality
Unique RF Tag ID
433 MHz
Product Package Marking
Unique ID
MaxiCode
Printing Specs
Defs. Logical Mem Map
GLS
Data Matrix
Test Specs BC Printers
Application Interface
Near Field
Test Specs BC Readers
Encoding Rules
EAN/U.P.C.
Test Specs BC Verifiers
Code 128
Dimensions Layout
PDF417
RFID Performance
QR Code
Symbology Use (Linear 2D)
RFID Conformance
Symbology Identifiers
Print Quality Level
Label Materials
License Plate Recommendations
Database / EDI Issues
Technical Committee (TC) 104 (Freight Containers)
Supply Chain Applications of RFID
8
Types of Standards

• ? Technology (Symbology, RFID, I.C. Card)
• ? Data Content (DIs, AIs, Syntax)
• ? Conformance (Print Quality, Test
  Specifications)
• ? Application Standards (Ship Label, Product
  Package)

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Data Content StandardsISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 2
WG 4/SG 1

• ISO/IEC 15424 - Data Carrier/Symbology
  Identifiers
• ISO/IEC 15418 - EAN.UCC Application Identifiers
  and ASC MH 10 Data Identifiers and Maintenance
• ISO/IEC 15434 - Syntax for High Capacity ADC
  Media
• ISO/IEC 15459 - Unique ID for Transport Units -
  Part 1 Technical Standard Part 2 Procedural
  Standard Part 3 Unique Item identification
• ISO/IEC 15961 - Data protocol Application
  interface
• ISO/IEC 15962 - Protocol Data encoding rules and
  logical memory functions
• ISO/IEC 15963 - Unique ID of RF Tag

10
Technical StandardsRadio Frequency
Identification (RFID)

• ANS INCITS T6
• ANS INCITS 2561999 - Radio Frequency
  Identification
• ANS INCITS 2562001 - Radio Frequency
  Identification
• ANS INCITS 256200x - Radio Frequency
  Identification

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INCITS T6 (RFID) Technology Projects
Shaded items will not be supported by MSR -
INCITS_T6_N2003_018
12
ANS INCITS 2562003http//www.autoid.org/ncits.h
tm

• INCITS 2562003
• Multi-Protocol Reader
• Interrogator-to-Interrogator Communications

Formerly NCITS (National Committee for
Information Technology Standards)Now INCITS
(InterNational Committee for Information
Technology Standards)
13
Technical StandardsRadio Frequency
Identification (RFID)

• ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG 3
• RFID for Item Management Air Interface (ISO
  18000)
• ISO/IEC 18000-1 - Generic Parameters - Air
  Interface
• ISO/IEC 18000-2 - Parameters for Air Interface
  lt135 kHz
• ISO/IEC 18000-3 - Parameters for Air Interface at
  13.56 MHz
• ISO/IEC 18000-4 - Parameters for Air Interface at
  2.45 GHz
• ISO/IEC 18000-5 - Parameters for Air Interface at
  5.8 GHz
• ISO/IEC 18000-6 - Parameters for Air Interface at
  860-930 MHz
• ISO/IEC 18000-7 - Parameters for Air Interface at
  433.92 MHz

14
Conformance StandardsRadio Frequency
Identification (RFID)ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG
3/SG 1

• ISO/IEC 18046 - RFID Device Performance Test
  Methods
• ISO/IEC 18047 - RFID Device Conformance Test
  Methods

15
Application Standards -
Open Systems

• Radio Frequency Identification
• ISO 10374 - Freight containers Automatic
  identification
• ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency
  communication protocol for electronic seal
• ISO 11785 - Radio-frequency identification of
  animals Technical concept
• ANSI MH10.8.4 - RFID for Returnable Containers
• AIAG B-11 - Tire Wheel Identification Standard
• EAN.UCC GTAG
• ISO 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of
  RFID

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Application Requirements

• Wal-Mart - Suppliers will mark inbound cases and
  pallets with RFID - 1 January 2005 - May, 2003
  specification calls for 256 bit read/write tag
• U.S. Department of Defense - Draft RFID policy to
  be completed by 18 September 2003 - To issue
  final policy in July of 2004 that will require
  suppliers to put passive RFID tags on selected
  case/pallet packaging by January of 2005. - Draft
  policy calls for passive tag (est. 256 byte) and
  active tag

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ASC MH 10/SC 8
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MH 10/SC 8

• ANS MH10.8.1 Linear bar code and two-dimensional
  symbols used in shipping, receiving, and
  transport application
• ANS MH10.8.2 Data Identifier and Application
  Identifier Standard
• ANS MH10.8.3 Syntax for High Capacity ADC Media
• ANS MH10.8.4 Unit Loads and Transport Packages -
  RFID Tags for Returnable Containers
• ANS MH10.8.6 Linear bar code and two-dimensional
  symbols for product packaging
• drANS MH10.8.7 Labeling and Direct Product
  Marking with Linear Bar Code and
  Two-Dimensional Symbols
• drANS MH10.8.8 RFID for Parcels, Packages, Flat
  Mail
• drANS MH10.8.9 Product identification using
  technologies other than optically readable
  media
• drANS MH10.8.10 RFID for Product Packaging

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EAN.UCC GTAG
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ASC INCITS T20http//www.qed.org/INCITS/incits_20
02.htm

• Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS)
• Committee Approved August 2001
• INCITS 371 Approved July 2003
• Part 1, 2450 MHz air interface
• Part 2, 433 MHz air interface
• Part 3, Common API

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ISO TC 104

• Freight Containers

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ISO TC 104 (Freight Containers)

• TC 104 Chair - ANSI
• TC 104/SC 4 Chair - DIN
• ISO 103741991 (R 01) - Freight containers -
  Automatic Identification
• ISO 63461995 - Freight containers - Coding,
  identification, and marking
• ISO 6681995 - Series 1 freight containers -
  Classification, dimensions and ratings
• ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency
  communication protocol for electronic seal -
  being broken into numerous related standards
• ISO/AWI 23389 - Freight Containers Read-Write
  Radio-frequency identifications (RFID) - folded
  into ISO 122/104 JWG - Work Item 17363

23
ISO 18185 (ISO TC 104)

• ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency
  communication protocol for electronic seal
• Will recommend 862 - 928 MHz for FHSS passive and
  433.92 MHz Narrowband active
• DIS Failed - November 2002
• Being broken into several standards

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Electronic Container Seals

• NP1 Freight containers Electronic seals
  Application requirements
• NP 2 Freight containers Electronic seals
• Environmental conditions under which the seal
  must be able to survive and retain its data both
  secure and intact
• Performance parameters
• NP 3 Freight containers Electronic seals -
  Physical characteristics Mechanical strength
  and physical tamper resistance
• Environmental conditions under which the seal
  must retain its barrier (to tampering)
  properties
• NP 4 Freight containers Electronic seals
  Data security
• Data protection while contained within the
  electronic seal and during communications to and
  from the seal
• Security of the data contained within the seal,
  including the ability to change such data
• Security of the data while it is being
  transferred to or from the seal
• NP 6 Freight containers Electronic seals
  Sensor interface requirements
• NP 7 Freight containers Electronic seals
  Physical layer
• 18185 Freight containers Radio-frequency
  communication protocol for electronic seal
• Electronic seal data block
• Syntax for data beyond the electronic seal block
• Semantics for data beyond the electronic seal
  block and,
• NP 8 Freight containers Electronic seals
  Communication parameters for OSI layers 3 through
  7.
• NP 9 Freight containers Electronic seals
  Message sets between electronic seal reader and a
  host computer
• NP 10 Freight containers Electronic seals
  Incorporation of eSeal functionality into
  permanent container design

25
ISO TC 122

• Packaging

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ISO TC 122

• Secretariat - TSE
• TC 122/WG 4 - Shipping Labels
• ISO 153941999 - Packaging - Bar Code and
  Two-dimensional Symbols for Shipping, Transport,
  and Receiving Labels
• TC 122/WG 7 - Product Packaging
• ISO DIS22742 - Packaging - Linear bar code and
  two-dimensional symbols for product packaging
  (DIS Awaiting TC 122 Publication)

27
ISO TC 122/104 Joint Working Group

• Supply Chain Applications of RFID

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TC 122/TC 104 JWG Work Items
Convener - Craig K. Harmon, US

• Supply Chain Applications of RFID
• ISO 17358 - Application Requirements, including
  Hierarchical Data Mapping - Project Leader/Editor
  - Steve Halliday, US
• ISO 17363 - Freight Containers - Project
  Leader/Editor - Manohar Patwardhan, MOL (America)
  Inc., US
• ISO 17364 - Returnable Transport Items - Michel
  ten Bok, Euro Pool System International BV, NL
• ISO 17365 - Transport Units - Project
  Leader/Editor - Mark Lewis, UPS, US
• ISO 17366 - Product Packaging - Project
  Leader/Editor - Michaël Nieuwesteeg, Nederlands
  Verpakkingscentrum (NVC), NL
• ISO 17367 - Product Tagging Packaging - Project
  Leader/Editor - Daniel Kimball, DoD AIT Office,
  US
• Senior Applications Project Editor - Paul
  Chartier, UK
• Senior Conformance Project Editor - Mike
  Guillory, US

29
TC 122/TC 104 JWG Addl Work
Convener - Craig K. Harmon, US

• ISO 10374 - Freight Containers - Automatic
  Identification - 2nd Revision
• ISO 23389 - Freight Containers - Read/write RFID
  - to be combined with ISO 17363 (eContainer /
  Smart Container)
• New work items regarding electronic seals - as
  identified by TC 104/SC 4/WG 2 (if any)

30
ISO 122/104 JWG Normative References

• ISO/IEC 18000 - Information technology AIDC
  techniques - RFID for item management air
  interface
• ISO/IEC 18046 - RFID tag and interrogator
  performance test methods
• ISO/IEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test
  methods
• ISO/IEC 15418 - EAN/UCC Application Identifiers
  and ASC MH 10 Data Identifiers and maintenance
• ISO/IEC 15434 - Syntax for high capacity ADC
  media
• ISO/IEC 15459 - Item management - Unique
  identification
• ISO 14816 - Road traffic and transport telematics
  - Automatic vehicle and equipment identification
  - Numbering and data structures
• ISO/IEC 15961 - RFID for item management - Data
  protocol Application interface
• ISO/IEC 15962 - RFID for item management -
  Protocol Data encoding rules and logical memory
  functions
• ISO/IEC 15963 - Unique tag Iidentification
• ISO 6346 - Freight containers - Coding,
  identification and marking
• IEEE 1451 - Sensor Interface

31
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4(RFID for Item
Management)

• Automatic Identification and Data Capture
  Techniques

32
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31

• Charted to work on technical specificationsJTC
  1 was established in 1987 for 'standardization in
  the field of information technology systems ...
  and equipment ...(with the exclusion of)
  information technology for specific
  applications. jtc16778
• JTC 1 is comprised of both ISO and IEC
• SC 31 is chartered to work on automatic data
  capture technical specifications

33
SC 31/WG 4 (RFID) Technology Projects
34
SC 31/WG 4 (RFID) Related Projects
35
Regulations - ITU
36
Regulatory Differences

• Usage of channel
• Primary service
• Secondary service
• Cannot interfere with primary service
• Cannot claim protection of interference from
  primary service
• Can claim protection of interference from other
  secondary users
• Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) Bands
• Narrowband or Spread Spectrum
• Power level
• Duty cycle

37
The 5 Tag
38
MIT AutoID Centerhttp//www.autoidcenter.org/

• Officially began 1 October 1999
• Initially funded by Uniform Code Council, The
  Gillette Company and Procter and Gamble
• Split into AutoID Lab at MIT and AutoID, Inc.
  under the UCC (http//www.uc-council.org/autoid/in
  dex.html) in Q3 2003
• Software components
• Object Naming Service (ONS)
• Savant
• Product Markup Language (PML)
• Air interface protocols
• 860 - 930 MHz
• 13.56 MHz
• Supply chain impact studies
• Field trials
• Intellectual Property

39
EPC - Network vs. Code
The globally unique identifier that serves as a
pointer for making enquiries about the item it
identifies
40
EPC Class I - V
41
ePC - How it works
42
EPC Structure

• Class 0 - 64 bits
• Class 1 - 96 bits
• Class 2 - 128/256 bits
• Class 3 - read/write?? - greater memory
• Class 4 - active?? - greater memory

EPC
43
Considered technology

• Alien
• Intermec/Philips
• Matrics
• Others
• Class 1 v2

44
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) RFID

• Signal from Antenna to Interdigital Transducer
• Produces Pulse of Surface Acoustic Waves
• Uses Piezoelectric Crystal (not Silicon) Chip

• SAW Reflections from RFID Pattern
• Produce Pulse Position Encoded Data

• Pulse Train Leaving IDT
• Returns Encoded Signal to Reader

Courtesy of RF SAW
45
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) RFID
Pulse Train From SAW RFID Tag Actual Readout at
60 feet range
Courtesy of RF SAW
46
Existing Global Users of 860 - 930 MHz

• EAN.UCC GTAG (101 country potential)
• ANSI MH 10.8.4 - Returnable containers
• autoID Centre - Consumer goods manufacturers
  (EAS)
• AIAG B-11 - Automotive tires
• Candidate for JWG - Supply Chain Applications of
  RFID
• Candidate for ISO 18185 - Container seal air
  interface

47
Existing Global Users of 433 - 434 MHz

• U.S. Department of Defense (Container tracking)
• Universal Postal Union
• Candidate for JWG - Supply Chain Applications of
  RFID
• Candidate for ISO 18185 - Container seal air
  interface

48
A possible solution

• Multi-frequency, multi-protocol, multi-standard
  readers

Current work in ASC INCITS T6 Proposal from
USCS USPS Currently in production by
SAMSys Modeling by ORNL
49
???
50
Thank You!
51
(No Transcript)
52
Spectrum Regulation

• The radio frequency (RF) spectrum is a scarce and
  shared resource, used nationally and
  internationally, and subject to a wide range of
  regulatory oversight. In the U.S., the Federal
  Communications Commission is a key regulatory
  body that allocates spectrum use and resolves
  spectrum conflicts. The International
  Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized
  agency of the United Nations which plays the same
  role internationally.

53
Why push for these frequencies?

• AIAG B-11 example - the addition of 2450 MHz
  drives up the cost of the tag as well as the cost
  of the reader infrastructure . . . Higher cost
  represents lower degree of implementation
• These frequencies (860 - 930 MHz - passive and
  433-434 MHz - active) are best suited for item
  management and container tracking
  applications.
• Passive 2450 MHz (and 13.56 MHz) do not have the
  2 - 5 meter reading range capability demanded by
  the applications

54
Why push for these frequencies?

• Europe and the the Americas have agreed to use
  these frequencies where they are best suited for
  specific applications
• 430-440 MHz is one of many Amateur service bands
  in Japan and is recommended for radio-location in
  Region 1, 2, and the ITU. In fact location is
  part of this bands implementation of RFID.
• In Japan, 850-860 MHz is a General Service band
  that could be used for RFID.
• Japan has recently begun a 1-year study to open
  up 950 to 956 MHz
• In Japan, 860-885 MHz is Commercial
  Telecommunications Service (Portable Radio
  Communications). RFID devices are portable radio
  communication devices.
• ISO TC 104 has requested these frequencies for
  containers.

55
Legacy Systems

• What is the effect and how does RFID embrace?

56
Legacy RFID Systems

• lt135 kHz (ISO/IEC 18000, Part 2)
• Type A identical (except unique tag ID - 11784)
  to ISO 11785 (Animal ID)
• Type B has no legacy
• 13.56 MHz (ISO/IEC 18000, Part 3)
• Type A identical to ISO/IEC 15693 (VICC Smart
  Cards)
• Type B has no legacy
• 2.45 GHz (ISO/IEC 18000, Part 4)
• Type A identical to ANS INCITS 256, Part 3.1
• Type B has no legacy
• 860 - 930 MHz (ISO/IEC 18000, Part 6)
• Type A has no legacy
• Type B identical to ANS INCITS 256, Part 4.2,
  AIAG B-11, GTAG, ANS MH10.8.4, NATO/DoD
  implementation of passive RFID
• 433 MHz (ISO/IEC 18000, Part 7)
• Air interface identical to ANS INCITS 256 - Part
  4.1, SST, NATO/DoD implementation of active RFID

57
Legacy Data Systems

• The ISO/IEC 18000 series are technical standards
• ISO 17363 - 17367 are application standards . . .
• . . . using ISO/IEC 15418 data semantics (EAN.UCC
  Application Identifiers, MH10.8.2 Data
  Identifiers, X12 and EDIFACT EDI)
• . . . Using ISO/IEC 15434 data syntax (MH10.8.3)
• Different technologies have different
  requirements, e.g., commands
• Where different technologies can, they must use
  similar standards
• Users should be able to move from technology to
  technology without changing their data systems

58
EAN.UCC GTAG (2002-01-17)

• The proposals put to the meeting were as follows
• 1. That the submissions from EAN.UCC GTAG and
  the Joint Manufacturers to ISO 18000-6 are merged
  in Mode 1. There shall be two types of physical
  layer on the interrogator to tag link, each with
  an associated collision arbitration protocol
• Type A (Aloha) shall use Pulse Interval Encoding
  (PIE) with slotted ALOHA collision arbitration
  protocol
• Type B (Binary Tree) shall use Manchester
  encoding with binary tree collision arbitration
  protocol.
•     Accepted by EAN UCC
• 2. There shall be a common tag to interrogator
  physical layer, which shall use FM0 (biphase)
  encoding, and that the data rate shall be fixed
  at a nominal 40kbps.
• Accepted by EAN UCC
• 3. That a tag shall support at least one Type
  (as defined above) in Mode 1, and may support
  both Type A Type B, but is not required to do
  so.
•     Accepted by EAN UCC

59
EAN.UCC GTAG (2002-01-17)

• 4. That an interrogator shall support both Type A
  and Type B tags.
•    Accepted by EAN UCC
• 5. That the order in which an interrogator
  attempts to communicate with tags through
  protocol switching shall be field-programmable.
•     Accepted by EAN UCC
• 6. That the GTAG(TM) MPPR will be restructured,
  to reference ISO 18000-6, Mode 1, as and where
  appropriate.
•    Accepted by EAN UCC

GTAG Draft for Industry Reference (August
2002) http//www.ean-ucc.org/gtag_technical_specs.
htm