test

1
Lecture 3 GENETICS and EVOLUTION
2
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour

• The Development of Evolutionary Theory
• Charles Darwin and origin of species
• a species behaviour (and physical make-up) is
  due to the constant (natural occurring)
  reproductive pressure to propagate the species ie
  giraffes, sickle cell anemia, bacterial
  antibiotic resistance

3
A Couple of (important) definitions Genotype
the collection of genes which define the
biological potential of an organism Phenotype
the actual behavioural or physical state that
results from gene expression and other outside
influences
4
Biological evolution alterations in the the
phenotype of an organism due to changes in the
genetic make-up (genotype).
HOW DOES THIS WORK?
5
Natural Selection and Evolution

• Artificial Selection A procedure in which
  animals are deliberately mated to produce
  offspring that possess particularly desirable
  characteristics.
• Natural Selection The consequence of the fact
  that organisms reproduce differentially, which is
  caused by behavioural differences among them.
  Within any given population, some animals the
  survivors will produce more offspring than will
  other animals.

6
The Development of Evolutionary Theory
Varieties of pigeons believed to have been
produced through artificial selection (1) Wild
rock pigeon (ancestor) (b) Blue grizzle
frillback (c) English pouter (d) Indian Fantail
F 3.1
7
Natural Selection and Evolution
F 3.2
8
SOwhy arent there wolves who can run as fast as
a cheetah?

• There are a number of factors
• Genetic potential
• i.e. biomechanics
• Confounding disadvantages
• inability to change direction quickly reduces
  hunting success

9
Natural Selection and Evolution

• Reproductive success the number of viable
  offspring an individual produces relative to the
  number of viable offspring produced by other
  members of the same species
• Variation the differences found across
  individuals of any given species in terms of
  their genetic, biological, and psychological
  characteristics

10
Are the genes you are dealt the only factor in
your reproductive success ?
NO!
Environment can play an important role.
Consider the role of intereuterine sex hormones
Adaptive modification alteration in behaviour
due to an outside source of variabilty.
11
Heredity and Genetics
F 3.4
The structure and composition of DNA. Genes serve
as recipes for the synthesis of proteins and
enzymes.
12
The Flow of Genetic Information
DNA
13
Heredity and Genetics
14
Heredity and Genetics
The determination of sex. The sex of human
offspring depends on whether the sperm that
fertilizes the ovum caries an X or a Y chromosome.
F 3.5
15
Heredity and Genetics
F 3.6
16
Sociobiology

• Sociobiology the study of the genetic bases of
  social behaviour
• Parental Investment the resources that a
  parent spends in procreations and feeding,
  nurturing, and protecting of offspring
• Sexual Selection selection of traits specific
  to sex, such as body size or particular patterns
  of behaviour
• Reproductive Strategies different systems of
  mating and rearing offspring, including monogamy,
  polygyny, polyandry, and polygynandry

17
Sociobiology

• Monogamy the mating of one female and one male
• Polygyny the mating of one male with more than
  one female
• Polyandry the mating of one female with more
  than one male
• Polygynandry the mating of several females
  with several males

18
Reproductive Strategies
F 3.8