Becoming a World Power 1890-1913

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Becoming a World Power 1890-1913

• The Pressure to Expand Ch. 18, Sec. 1

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Imperialism

• Policy by a stronger nation to create an empire
  by dominating weaker nations economically,
  politically, culturally, or militarily

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Pressures for Expansion

• 1. Overproduction of food and goods
• 2. business and farmers needed new markets
• 3. To spread democracy
• 4. To spread Christianity
• 5. Social Darwinism

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Vocabulary

• Nationalism devotion to ones country
• Annex to join or attach
• Banana republic term used to describe a Central
  American nation dominated by U.S. business
  interests

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Reasons for Imperialism

• 1. Economic factors countries needed natural
  resources such as rubber and petroleum and new
  markets for manufactured goods due to
  overproduction
• 2. Nationalist factors competition among
  nations for empires resulted from nationalism
• 3. Military factors advances in technology and
  the need for military bases for fuel and supplies
• 4. Humanitarian factors spread Western
  civilization, including law, medicine, and
  Christian religion

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Time Line

• 1796 Washington said, steer clear of permanent
  alliances
• 1853 Commodore Matthew C. Perry opened Japan to
  trade
• 1866 50,000 American soldiers sent to Mexico to
  stop French from placing an emperor on the throne
• 1867 Seward bought Alaska from Russia
• 1867 annexed Midway Islands

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Matthew C. Perry in Japan 1853
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U. S. Foreign Affairs

• Began trade with China in 1860s
• Treaty with Hawaii 1870s to sell sugar to the
  U.S. duty-free
• 1913 Minor C. Keith of United Fruit Company
  dominated the governments of Costa Rica,
  Guatemala, and Honduras known as banana
  republics
• Growth of U.S. Navy Alfred T. Mahan wrote The
  Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783
  stated that economy needed markets abroad by
  1900 the U.S. had a powerful navy

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U. S. Navy
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Security Naval Power

• Naval Act 1890 construct battleships, gunboats,
  torpedo boats, and cruisers
• Great White Fleet one of the most powerful
  navies in the world

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United States and Imperialism

• Promote economic growth expand markets for sale
  of overproduction of goods
• Protect American security Large Navy and need
  for Pacific bases
• Preserve American spirit social Darwinism

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Question

• What factors influenced the United States
  government to expand abroad?
• Write a paragraph in your notes describing
  the pressures that led to U.S. imperialism.
  Include a topic sentence and a concluding
  sentence.

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The Spanish-American War Ch. 18, Sec. 2
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Key Words

• Arbitration settlement of a dispute by a person
  chosen to listen to both sides and come to a
  decision
• Jingoism intense burst of national pride and
  desire for an aggressive foreign policy

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Key Words

• Spheres of Influence areas of economic and
  political control in China
• Open Door Policy American approach to China,
  favoring open trade relations between China and
  others
  
  
  
  

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U.S. Involvement in Latin America

• Chile forced Chile to pay
• money to families of slain
• U.S. sailors
• Brazil U.S. Navy put down
• rebellion to protect U.S.
• business interests

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Defending the Monroe Doctrine

• In a dispute between Britain and Venezuela, the
  U.S. forced them to go to arbitration to settle
  the dispute over territory between Venezuela and
  British Guiana

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Cuban Rebellion

• 1895 Cuba rebelled against Spain
• 150,000 Spanish troops under General Valeriano
  Weyler, The Butcher, were sent by Spain to stop
  the rebellion
• Concentration Camps were set up for Cubans
  200,000 Cubans die
• Jose Marti Cuban journalist
• describes the horrors in Cuba

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U. S. Position

• Cuban rebels attacked sugar plantations and mills
  to get U.S. help. Business owners increased
  pressure on the U.S. government to help the
  Cubans.
• American newspapers used yellow journalism to
  get U. S. support for Cuba. The New York World
  and the New York Morning Journal competed.

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Causes of War

• 1. Explosion of the Maine
• 2. Yellow journalism
• 3. The de Lome Letter
• 4. Sympathy for the Cubans

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Maine

• U.S. battleship U.S.S. Maine blew up and sank in
  Havana Harbor, killing 250 Americans.
• Americans believed that Spain had blown up the
  ship
• (Ships boiler blew up)
• Pressure to declare war
• from American citizens

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William Randolph Hearst
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Joseph Pulitzer
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De Lome Letter

• Letter written by ambassador to Washington, Dupuy
  de Lome, describing President McKinley as weak
  and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd was
  stolen and published.
• U. S. citizens are angered

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Battles

• May 1, 1898, Admiral George Dewey attacked the
  Spanish Pacific Fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines
• Spanish fleet sunk in seven hours.
• U.S. controlled the area

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Philippines
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Emilio Aguinaldo

• Filipino leader who helped the U.S. contain
  Spanish troops, hoping for independence
• U.S. did not grant independence until 1946

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Battle in Cuba

• Navy attacked the Spanish Atlantic Fleet in
  Santiago, Cuba, sinking the ships
• Land war Rough Riders, under Theodore Roosevelt
  charged up San Juan Hill
• A splendid little war John Hay

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Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba gains independence
• U.S. gains Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam as
  unincorporated territories
• U.S. paid Spain 20 million

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Results of War

• The U.S. fought Aguinaldo for three years,
  resulting in many Filipino deaths The
  Philippines remained a U.S. possession until
  1946.
• Teller Amendment promised that the U.S. would not
  annex Cuba
• Constitution of Cuba 1900

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Platt Amendment

• Cuban government could not enter foreign
  agreements
• Had to give the U.S. two bases (Guantanamo Bay)
• U.S. had right to intervene if necessary in
  effect until 1934

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Puerto Rico

• No independence
• People given citizenship in 1917
• May vote on statehood again in a few years

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Pacific

• Trade agreement Hawaiian sugar sold duty free
  in the U.S.
• Hawaii U.S. leased Pearl Harbor
• -Queen Liliuokalani pineapple guru Sanford B.
  Dole removed her from the throne in 1893
• -Annexed in 1898
• Samoa Divided islands with Germany U.S. got
  harbor, Pago Pago

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"Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons
whether you want to or not! But just take a look
at the class ahead of you, and remember that in a
little while, you will be as glad to be here as
they are!"
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Queen Liliuokalani
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China

• Vast market
• Spheres of Influence
• John Hay developed Open Door Policy
• Boxer Rebellion - 1900 rebellion against
  foreigners Righteous and Harmonious Fists- 300
  killed

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Time Zones

• World is divided into 24 time zones
• Prime Meridian, which passes through Greenwich,
  England is Oo longitude
• International Date Line is 180o longitude the
  calendar date to the east of this line is one day
  earlier.
• Page 526

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Expansion Under Roosevelt and Taft

• Chapter 18
• Section 3 4

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Presidents of this Era

• 25 1897-1901 William McKinley
• Garret A. Hobart and Theodore Roosevelt
• 26 1901-1909 Theodore Roosevelt
• 27 1909-1913 William Howard Taft
• 28 1913-1921 Woodrow Wilson
• 29 1921-1923 Warren G. Harding
• Calvin Coolidge

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Key Words

• Concession grant for a piece of land in exchange
  for a promise to use the land for a specific
  purpose
• Dollar diplomacy encourage investment abroad

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Key Words

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
  extension of a previously accepted idea
• 1. Not use the Monroe Doctrine for territorial
  aggression
• 2. U.S. intervene to prevent intervention
  from other powers
• Racism belief that differences in character or
  intelligence are due to ones race

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William McKinley

• Reelected in 1900
• Assassinated in 1901
• Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes
  president

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Theodore Roosevelts Foreign Policy

• U.S. a world power
• Intervenes in the affairs of countries that were
  of economic and strategic interest
• Spanish-American War shows the need for a shorter
  route between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

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The Panama Canal
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Panama Canal

• Isthmus of Panama belonged to Columbia
• Ferdinand de Lesseps bought a concession in 1879
  to build a canal.
• After 10 years, the company abandoned the
  project.
• Congress passed the Spooner Act in 1902,
  authorizing the purchase of the French assets for
  40 million.
• Colombia would not negotiate with the U.S.

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Lease

• Roosevelt indicated that the U.S. would not
  interfere if the French company organized a
  Panamanian revolt against Colombia.
• In November, 1903 a revolt broke out with U.S.
  warships offshore to provide support for the
  rebels.
• The U.S. recognized Panama as an independent
  country and ratified the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
  in 1904.
• The treaty gave the U.S. a grant of a
  10-mile-wide strip for a Canal Zone for 10
  million.

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Construction

• Construction, which began in 1904, was finished
  in 1914
• William C. Gorgas virtually eliminated malaria
  and yellow fever.
• Roosevelts tactics used to acquire the Panama
  Canal caused ill-will among Latin Americans
  toward the U.S.
• In 1921, Congress paid Colombia 25 million in
  recognition of the illegal means used to acquire
  the Canal Zone

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Foreign Policy

• Speak softly and carry a big stick you will go
  far. This quote by TR alluded to the threat of
  military force to conduct an aggressive foreign
  policy.
• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine the
  U.S. government would intervene to prevent
  intervention from other powers.
• Santo Domingo U.S. took over finances and paid
  European debt
• U.S. continued to intervene in Latin America

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Russo-Japanese War

• In 1905, Roosevelt mediated the conflict.
• He received the Nobel Peace Prize for his role as
  mediator.
• Japan received land and control over Korea
  Russia left Manchuria China remained open to all
  for trade.

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William Howard Taft

• Elected in 1908
• Foreign policy goals were to maintain the open
  door in Asia and preserve stability in Latin
  America
• Dollar diplomacy substituted dollars for bullets,
  although the results were not always profitable.

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Chapter 18, Section 4

• Debating Americans New Role

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Anti-Imperialists

• Moral and political arguments nation was founded
  on liberty for all
• Racial arguments some Americans believed that
  people Anglo-Saxon heritage were superior
• Economic arguments some felt that expansion cost
  too much in maintaining necessary armed forces or
  that people from annexed territories would take
  jobs

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Imperialisms Appeal

• Many Americans felt that imperialism offered a
  New Frontier abroad.
• Many supported the effort to gain foreign markets
  for U.S. products
• The U.S. became a powerful player on the world
  stage
• Roosevelt sent part of the Navy on a cruise
  around the world to demonstrate the Great White
  Fleet.

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Question

• During the late 1800s, the press fanned the
  flames of the Spanish-American War by publishing
  sensational stories about Spanish cruelties in
  Cuba. On what current issues has the press
  played a major role in influencing public
  opinion?
• Answer in paragraph form in your notes