Bio102

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• Bio102
• Combined Laboratories 9 10
• Respiratory Gross Anatomy/HistologySpirometryEf
  fect of CO2 on Breathing

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Objectives for todays lab

• Review Human Gross/Histological anatomy of the
  respiratory system (Do cat next week)
• Define respiratory volumes and capacities and
  solve for an unknown volume or capacity
• Perform simple spirometry measurements and
  record/calculate your own respiratory parameters
  
• Describe how CO2 levels influence rate/depth of
  breathing

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Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Sphenoidal sinus
Vestibule of nasal cavity
Opening of pharyngotympanic tube
External nares
Internal nares
Palatine bone
Nasopharynx
Uvula (Soft palate)
Oropharynx
Epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
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Mucous in Respiratory Tract
Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting
passageways and is responsible for filtering,
warming, and humidifying air. Cilia move mucus
and trapped particles from the nasal cavity (gt10
µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract
(1-5 µm) to pharynx
The Mucus Escalator
Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus
production
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Larynx
Posterior
Figure from Martini, Anatomy Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Epiglottis
Greater horn of hyoid bone
Lesser horn of hyoid
Body of hyoid bone
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid muscle
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricothyroid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilage
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Trachea Primary Bronchi
Posterior
Note that the trachea is anterior to the esophagus
(T5)
(T6)
Anterior
C-rings of cartilage 16-20 incomplete rings
completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle keep
trachea open (patent)
Figures from Martini, Anatomy Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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The Lungs
3 lobes
2 lobes
Note that the number of secondary bronchi
number of lung lobes
Figure from Martini, Anatomy Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Epiglottis of larynx
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Larynx
Trachea
Cricotracheal ligament
Lobar bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Higher-order bronchus
Main bronchus
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Larynx
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Opening to esophagus
Vocal cords (true and false)
Hyoid bone
Glottis
Epiglottis
Base of tongue
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Epiglottis
True vocal cords
Thyroid cartilage (cut)
Cricoid cartilage (cut)
Thyroid gland
Trachea
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Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Left anterior lobe of lung
Right anterior lobe of lung
Left middle lobe of lung
Right middle lobe of lung
Left posterior lobe of lung

Right posterior lobe of lung
Respiratory diaphragm
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Hypoxia and Hyperventilation

• Hypoxia is a low level of oxygen in the tissues
• Hypoxic hypoxia (e.g., high altitude)
• Histotoxic hypoxia (e.g., alcohol, CN-)
• Stagnant (ischemic) hypoxia (e.g., cardiovascular
  problems)
• Hypemic hypoxia (e.g., CO poisoning)
• Hyperventilation is a rapid breathing that causes
  loss of excessive amounts of CO2 to be blown off
  (we will do this today)

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CO2 and Respiratory Demand
Note that with normal respiration, CO2 levels
will stimulate breathing well before decreasing
levels of O2 result in hypoxic effects
Compare this with stimulation of breathing after
hyperventilation
(after holding breath)
Figure from Martini Welch, AP Applications
Manual, Benjamin Cummings, 2006
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Respiratory Rates and Volumes

• Respiratory rate
• Number of breaths per minute
• Resting adult 12-18 bpm
• Resting child 18-20 bpm
• Respiratory cycle 1 inspiration followed by 1
  expiration (part of ventilation)

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Respiratory Volumes
Volumes of air moved in and out of the lungs.
These are measured by spirometry using a
spirometer.

• tidal volume volume moved in or out during a
  normal (eupneic) breath (? 500 ml)
• inspiratory reserve volume additional volume
  that can be inhaled following a normal inhalation
  (? 3.0 L/1.9L)
• expiratory reserve volume additional volume
  that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation
  (? 1.1 L/0.7 L)
• residual volume volume that remains in lungs
  at all times (? 1.2 L) Cannot be removed
  during life

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Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Figure from Martini, Anatomy Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
See Figure 37.7, page 561, in Mariebs Laboratory
Manual for a similar figure
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Respiratory Capacities
Note that capacities are derived (calculated)
from volumes (which can be measured by spirometry)

• inspiratory capacity TV IRV
• functional residual capacity ERV RV
• vital capacity TV IRV ERV
• total lung capacity VC RV

How would you express these capacities in words?
(See Mariebs Lab Manual page 552 for some help)
Know how these are expressed in words for the lab
exam
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Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

• IC TV IRV
• FRC ERV RV
• VC TV IRV ERV
• TLC VC RV

Figure from Martini, Anatomy Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
See Figure 37.7, page 561, in Mariebs Laboratory
Manual for a similar figure
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Another Way of Looking at Things
Figure from http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fil
eLungVolume.jpg
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Tabular Method of Calculating Volumes/Capacities
Approximate Standard Lung Volumes and Capacities
(See your Laboratory Guide, Alveolar
Ventilation from Levitzky)
TLC 6.0 L IC 3.0 L IRV 2.5 L VC 4.5 L
TLC 6.0 L IC 3.0 L TV 0.5 L VC 4.5 L
TLC 6.0 L FRC 3.0 L ERV 1.5L VC 4.5 L
TLC 6.0 L FRC 3.0 L RV 1.5 L
IC TV IRV FRC ERV RV VC
TV IRV ERV TLC VC RV
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Tabular Method of Calculating Volumes/Capacities
Example of how to use the Standard Lung Volume
and Capacity Table to Solve for unknown lung
volumes/capacities Problem Given the values in
the table below, solve for the RV
TLC 6.2L IC ? IRV ? VC 5.1L
TLC 6.2L IC ? TV ? VC 5.1L
TLC 6.2L FRC ? ERV 1.7L VC 5.1L
TLC 6.2L FRC ? (Solve for this) RV ?
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Sample problem using equations

• The vital capacity 6000 ml, tidal volume 500
  ml, and expiratory reserve volume 1000 ml. What
  is the inspiratory capacity (IC)?

Equations VC TV IRV ERV IC TV
IRV 6.0L 0.5L ? 1.0L ?
0.5L ?
Solution VC TV IRV ERV
IRV VC TV ERV .06L 0.5L ?
1.0L ? 6.0L 0.5L 1.0L
IC TV IRV? 0.5L 4.5L
IC 5.0L
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SAME Sample Problem Using Tabular Method

• The vital capacity 6000 ml, tidal volume 500
  ml, and expiratory reserve volume 1000 ml. What
  is the inspiratory capacity (IC)?

TLC ? IC ? IRV ? VC 6.0L
TLC ? IC ? TV 0.5L VC 6.0L
TLC ? FRC ? ERV 1.0L VC 6.0L
TLC ? FRC ? RV ?
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Minute and Alveolar Ventilation

• minute ventilation (volume)
• tidal volume (TV) multiplied by breathing rate
• amount of air that is moved into/out of the
  respiratory passageways each minute
• typically about 6 L/min

• alveolar ventilation
• major factor affecting concentrations of oxygen
  and carbon dioxide in the alveoli
• volume of air that reaches alveoli always less
  than minute ventilation
• tidal volume minus anatomic dead space then
  multiplied by breathing rate
• about 4.2 L/min

Alveolar ventilation breaths/min x (TV Dead
space)
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What to do for lab Comb Lab 9/10 today

• Examine the models of the human respiratory
  system (torso and isolated models)
• Examine the histological slides for the
  respiratory system
• Record and analyze respiratory parameters using
  the dry, portable spirometer
• Use the instructions distributed today as a guide
• Fill in rest of Respiratory Parameters Table
  (calculations)
• IF YOU DONT HAVE TIME TODAY, hand in the
  completed Respiratory Parameters table next week.
• Do the CO2 experiments

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For Next Lab

• ANSWER THE RESPIRATORY PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
  BRING THEM WITH YOU TO LAB! We will review them
  in lab
• Human and Cat digestive system anatomy
• Gross anatomy torso models, isolated models, and
  cats
• Microscopic anatomy microscope slides
• You will also be looking at the cats respiratory
  system structures we reviewed today