Bio102

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• Bio102
• Laboratory 10
• Gross Histological Anatomy of the Respiratory
  System
• Pulmonary tests using the Spirolab II

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Objectives for todays lab

• 1. Master calculations for respiratory
  volumes/capacities
• 2. Recognize the gross anatomical structures
  listed below
• a) on human torso models or isolated models
  examined in lab
• b) in photographs of human models
• c) in the cat or in photographs of the cat
• 3. Identify microscopically, in photomicrographs
• a) the type of epithelium lining the respiratory
  tract
• b) mucus glands/goblet cells
• c) respiratory cilia
• 4. Assess your pulmonary function (FVC and FEV1)
  using the Spirolab II electronic spirometer.

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Review of Respiratory Volumes/Capacities
Figure from http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fil
eLungVolume.jpg
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Tabular Method of Calculating Volumes/Capacities
Approximate Standard Lung Volumes and Capacities
(See your Laboratory Guide, Alveolar
Ventilation from Levitzky)
TLC 6.0 L IC 3.0 L IRV 2.5 L VC 4.5 L
TLC 6.0 L IC 3.0 L TV 0.5 L VC 4.5 L
TLC 6.0 L FRC 3.0 L ERV 1.5L VC 4.5 L
TLC 6.0 L FRC 3.0 L RV 1.5 L
IC TV IRV FRC ERV RV VC
TV IRV ERV TLC VC RV
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Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Sphenoidal sinus
Vestibule of nasal cavity
Opening of pharyngotympanic tube
External nares
Internal nares
Palatine bone
Nasopharynx
Uvula (Soft palate)
Oropharynx
Epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
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Mucous in Respiratory Tract
Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting
passageways and is responsible for filtering,
warming, and humidifying air. Cilia move mucus
and trapped particles from the nasal cavity (gt10
µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract
(1-5 µm) to pharynx
The Mucus Escalator
Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus
production
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Larynx
Posterior
Figure from Martini, Anatomy Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Epiglottis
Greater horn of hyoid bone
Lesser horn of hyoid
Body of hyoid bone
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid muscle
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricothyroid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilage
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Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Thyrohyoid muscle
Thyroid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Rima glottidis
Vocal fold
Arytenoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachealis muscle
Cricotracheal ligament
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Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
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Lesser horn of hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Greater horn of hyoid bone
Body of hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Vestibular fold
Vocal fold
Thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilage
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Trachea Primary Bronchi
Posterior
Note that the trachea is anterior to the esophagus
(T5)
(T6)
Anterior
C-rings of cartilage 16-20 incomplete rings
completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle keep
trachea open (patent)
Figures from Martini, Anatomy Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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The Lungs
3 lobes
2 lobes
Note that the number of secondary bronchi
number of lung lobes
Figure from Martini, Anatomy Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Epiglottis of larynx
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Larynx
Trachea
Cricotracheal ligament
Lobar bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Higher-order bronchus
Main bronchus
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Superior lobe of right lung
Trachea
Main bronchus
Lobar bronchus
Middle lobe of right lung
Inferior lobe of left lung
Respiratory diaphragm
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Larynx
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Opening to esophagus
Vocal cords (true and false)
Hyoid bone
Glottis
Epiglottis
Base of tongue
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Epiglottis
True vocal cords
Thyroid cartilage (cut)
Cricoid cartilage (cut)
Thyroid gland
Trachea
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Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Left anterior lobe of lung
Right anterior lobe of lung
Left middle lobe of lung
Right middle lobe of lung
Left posterior lobe of lung

Right posterior lobe of lung
Respiratory diaphragm
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Tests of Pulmonary Function
Figure from McConnell, The Nature of Disease,
2nd ed., LWW, 2014
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Pulmonary Tests Restrictive vs. Obstructive
Disease
Figure from McConnell, The Nature of Disease,
2nd ed., LWW, 2014
Obstructive Disease Greatly decreased
FEV1/FVC Restrictive Disease Approximately
normal FEV1/FFV (However both volume and flow
rate are reduced) In BOTH diseases O2 and CO2
exchange are limited
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Pulmonary Disorders Restrictive Diseases

• Stiffness of the lungs
• Limits volume of lung expansion
• Limits rate of expansion and contraction
• Characterized by
• Chronic inflammation
• Fibrosis
• Stiffening of alveolar interstitium
• Most cases show idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Figure from McConnell, The Nature of Disease,
2nd ed., LWW, 2014
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Pulmonary Disorders Obstructive Disorders

• Obstructive lung disease
• General barrier to smooth airflow
• Usually at the level of the smaller bronchial
  tree
• Problem is getting air out (exhalation), not in
• Lung volume is NOT affected (thus, ? FEV1/FVC)
• Common signs and symptoms
• Dyspnea and wheezing
• Common obstructive disorders
• Asthma
• COPD (Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis)
• Bronchiectasis
• Cystic fibrosis

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For Next Lab

• Human and Cat digestive system anatomy
• Gross anatomy torso models, isolated digestive
  organ models, and cats
• Microscopic anatomy microscope slides