mapping

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mapping
targeted interventions
for
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before we begin some history
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On the walls of caves near Lascaux, France,
Cro-Magnon hunters drew pictures of the animals
they hunted 35,000 years ago. Associated with
the animal drawings are track lines and tallies
thought to depict migration routes. These early
records followed the two element structure of
modern geographic information systems a graphic
file linked to an attribute data base.
35,000 year old technology!!!
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Today, biologists use collar transmitters and
satellite receivers to track the migration routes
of caribou and polar bears to help design
programs to protect the animals. In a GIS map,
the migration routes were indicated by different
colors for each month for 21 months.
Researchers then used the GIS to superimpose the
migration routes on maps of oil development plans
to determine the potential for interference with
the animals.
ok. mapping helps animals and oil Industry. so
what?
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mapping has been used throughout history in every
field including health, medicine, government
social sciences.
How can mapping help local targeted
interventions???
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collecting, storing, analyzing and using
information are the toughest tasks in targeted
interventions
information can be stored, viewed and analyzed in
different ways!
Let us look at the way mapping has been done in
some states
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Contents

• Mapping Basics
• Target Groups
• Approach
• Methodology
• Ethics

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Mapping Basics
Map Layers of Information linked to location
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Mapping Basics
Map Layers of Information linked to location
Base Map
Layers
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Contents

• Mapping Basics
• Target Groups
• Approach
• Methodology
• Ethics

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Target Groups for Mapping
A.       Core Transmitter Groups B.       Mobile
Occupation Groups C.       Settlements/communities
with Risk Factors D.       Workplaces with Risk
Factors E.       Outdoor occupation groups in
Urban areas F.       Vulnerable Groups in Urban
areas G. Other groups with known Risk
Behaviour
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Contents

• Mapping Basics
• Target Groups
• Approach
• Methodology
• Ethics

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Approach

• National Level
• State Level
• NGO Level

• Policy
• Programme
• Project

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Approach
What Information will be needed at the Project
level?
Detailed Information

• Situation Analysis
• Social mapping
• Needs Assessment
• Baseline measurements on Indicators
• Etc

Overlapping terms
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Approach
What Information will be needed at the National
Level?
For each Target Group

• Where are they located ?
• How many of them are there ?

Anything else?
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Approach
What Information will be mapped at the State
Level?
Location Numbers of each target
group Category of Target Group at Risk where
critical to the mapping process

Local NGOs CBOs with access to each target group
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Approach
This information will be in the form of

• Maps showing locations / sites
• Estimates of the population at each site
• Relevant local categories at the site
• Risk situations (qualitative)

List of local NGOs CBOs
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Approach
Approaches for mapping at state level

• Prioritisation
• Saturation
• Convenience

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Contents

• Mapping Basics
• Target Groups
• Approach
• Methodology
• Ethics

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We're on the streets, how much easier can it be
to find us? A Sex worker
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Methodframe
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Methodframe
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Methodframe

• Toolbox
• Secondary Research
• Sample survey
• Group discussion
• Depth Interview
• Expert Estimates
• Rapid Assessment
• Participatory Map
• Observation
• Traffic counts
• Listing
• Delphi

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Methodframe
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Methodframe
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Broad mapping tasks
Identify Validate Classify Estimate List
Assess Find

• Sites with likelihood of finding the target
  group.
• High Risk Behaviour of the Target Group.
  (Qualitatively)
• Target group into different types present at each
  site based on local knowledge terminology
• Numbers of the target groups who
  live/solicit/have sex/visit regularly for other
  reasons at each site (using available
  methodology)
• Other places where the target group found in each
  mapped site live / solicit /have sex/visit
  regularly for other reasons.
• Changes in the target group size at specific
  sites due to seasons, events, timings and
  specific days of a week or month
• Local NGOs, Sexual Health service providers

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Methods
App
Toolbox

• Secondary Research
• Sample survey(?)
• Group discussion
• Depth Interview
• Expert Estimates
• Rapid Assessment Techniques
• Participatory Mapping
• Observation
• Listing
• Traffic counts
• Delphi

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Key method
DELPHI

• Developed by RAND corporation for different
  purposes Adapted for estimation of sensitive
  hidden Information
• Involves Identifying Local experts Local to
  the extent of one or few streets More Local
  Better results
• Involves repeated Independent estimates by a
  panel of Local Experts followed by sharing
  insights Estimates by other panelists and
  challenging / Revising estimates till consensus
  is reached or till sufficient Information is
  available
• Method Extensively Tested at 4 cities/towns by

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Key method
Capture-Recapture Method

• This technique is used to arrive at estimates of
  the size of populations of mobile animals like
  ground beetles, fishes etc. An initial sample of
  the population in question is caught, its
  individuals marked and then release back into the
  wild and note taken of the number released. This
  marked individuals are allowed to become randomly
  dispersed throughout the population and then a
  second sample is taken. Its size and the number
  in it of marked and hence recaptured individuals
  are noted.
•  

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Key method
Capture-Recapture Method

• Example
•  Suppose we want to count number of fishes in a
  pond. Total number of fish in the pond is N
  (unknown figure). On the first day we catch 100
  fishes (we will call it M), mark them with a
  red spot and release them in the pond.
•  The next day we return to the pond and again
  catch 100 fishes (we will call it n). From the
  catch 5 fishes are having red colour mark made by
  us on the previous day (we will call it m). So
  the equation is
• M _m_ 100 _5_ 100 X 100 N
  2000
• N n   N 100 5
• That means the total number of the fish in the
  pond is 2000.

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Other Methods
Fairly standard and well known research methods
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Broad mapping tasks

• Identify Sites
• Validate Risk
• Classify Target Groups
• Estimate Size
• List Other sites
• Assess seasonal/Periodical Changes
• Find NGOs, CBOs, SHSP

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• Sources (Key Informants)
• Primary Key Informants are Target Group members
  their Risk partners (Example Sex workers their
  Clients)
• Secondary Key Informants are those part of /close
  to the Risk circuits (Example pimps, agents,
  brokers, madams, underworld, hotel workers,
  shopkeepers near risk sites, ARD around risk
  sites, SHSP, other sex circuit/network members)
• Tertiary Key Informants are those with a good
  idea of the target group at a Taluka/district/stat
  e level (Example NGOs, Govt officials,
  Underworld leaders, Network dons, Union leaders,
  prison inmates)

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• Sites
• A Mapping Site is a contiguous area with a
  defined boundary in which a people belonging to a
  specific target group can be found to aggregate
• Contiguous continuous area without a break
  having similar patterns of risk behaviour
  activity or similar target group presence
• Defined boundary it is important to define
  the boundary of the Site being mapped to avoid
  overlap or double counting. Sites can be
  identified from key informant interviews and
  secondary data. Site boundaries can be defined
  before, during or after the estimation at spots
• Aggregate Concentrated pocket where the target
  group is found to Live /Seek Risk / Take Risk /
  Work / Hangout / Seek Services
• In other words Where can we find ___ (target
  group)?

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Identifying Sites
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Identifying Sites

• Identified throughout the mapping effort (till
  the end)
• Initially from Tertiary KI at District level
• Later at sites from Primary Secondary KI at
  site level (Site Mapping Booklets)
• Also from Lead Slips (information from other
  teams doing mapping in other Districts)

• Enter Key Informant Information in Key Informant
  Log
• Enter Site name Target Group in Site Suspect
  List
• Keep adding names of new sites in Site Suspect
  List till the end of mapping

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Identifying Sites
District____________________
Key Informants Log
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Identifying Sites
District____________________
Site Suspect List List from different interviews.
Lead slips from other districts, Information from
other sites. List to be updated throughout the
fieldwork
Reasons for not mapping site C-Combined with or
split from other Sites, S-Too small to cover
N-No Risk found after Visit, P-Problems in
Mapping-Could not visit, U-Untraceable/No Such
Site, L- located in other District (generate
lead Slip) D-Duplication.
Code after mapping the site
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Validating Risk
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Validating Risk

• Validation Steps
• Identify Interview Doctors treating STDs among
  patients from the site, fill up information gaps
  with clinic staff, chemist etc.
• Conduct Group Discussion among Primary Target
  Group members at site
• Look for presence of Sex workers/risk sources
  nearby
• Ask Sex workers about client profiles

Do the _____(Target Group) found at _____Site
Have STDs? / Known Risk Behaviour? Who are their
sex partners? (regular, Paid Non Regular, Casual
Non Regular) How Risky is the Behaviour? Do they
visit Sex workers nearby/ far away? What are the
risk situations?
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Validating Risk
Reference Period last 12 months Sex
partners Regular Wife/ Husband Fiancée Live-in
partner Other regular/ faithful partner Paid Non
Regular Sex worker Other Paid Sex partner who has
other paying partners Casual Non
Regular Occasional fling
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Site Mapping Booklet

• Separate booklet for each target group at each
  site
• Site definition/boundaries could vary
• Site boundaries may have to redefined as the
  mapping progresses
• Contents
• Qualitative report on Validation of Risk (based
  on group discussions)
• Site Location Map (base map showing site
  location)
• Final Site Map (site map showing site boundaries)
• Site Summary
• Detailed description of the Site followed by
  description of the site boundaries and the type
  of Risk activity at the Site, Types of Target
  Group in the site etc.. Attach additional pages
  as required.
• Site Estimation Summary (fill up after completion
  of site field work)
• Types of Target Group at site (From Key Informant
  Interviews/discussions)
• Site Estimate Worksheet
• Other places visited (outside site in past 12
  months)
• Delphi Form
• Lead Slips

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Contents

• Mapping Basics
• Target Groups
• Approach
• Methodology
• Ethics

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It is unethical to conduct research which is
badly planned or poorly executed
In research on man the interest of science and
society should never take precedence over
considerations related to the well being of the
subject
Declaration of Helsinki
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Ethical Considerations

• Informed Consent (Written from DELPHI Panel
  Members)
• Confidentiality (No Names, No Police, Numbered
  copies of Report)
• Right to Refuse/Walk out (Better Interview)
• Benefit - Do not Damage (Information/Treatment)
• Collect only what is needed (Numbers Location )