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Current Events

• Navy To Name Ship After Alan Shepard
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Lesson 4a Visual Navigation Aids (Lighted)
11/15/2009
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Lesson 4a Visual Navigation Aids (Lighted)

• AGENDA
• Significance of Aids to Navigation (NavAids)
• Positive Identification of lighted NavAids
• Determining the computed visibility of a lighted
  aid to navigation.
• Applicable reading Hobbs pg. 79-98.

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Significance of Nav Aids

• Nav Aid Any device external to a vessel or
  aircraft intended to assist in determining
  position and safe course, or to warn of dangers
  or obstructions.

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Positive Identification of Navigation Aids

• PID Criteria
• DAYTIME
• Location
• Shape
• Color Scheme
• Auxiliary features
• Special Markings

• NIGHT
• Phase characteristic
• Period
• Color

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Positive Identification of Navigation Aids (at
night)

• Phase Characteristics
• Chart Symbol Meaning
• Fixed
• Flashing
• Quick Flashing
• Group Flashing
• Morse Code
• Occulting
• Period
• Color (red, green, yellow, or white)

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Lighted Nav AidsPhase Characteristics
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Chart Symbology for Lighted Nav Aids

• Lighted Navaids
• Lighted navaids have purple exclamation point !
  or 1/8 purple circle over black dot.
• Floating Navaids
• Fixed Navaids in ROMAN text
• Floating Navaids in italics text
• Flashing Navaids
• Numbers indicate patterns of light flashes
• Occulting numbers indicate the pattern of
  eclipses
• eg. F Gp Fl (23) or Gp Occ (23)

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Special Purpose Lights

• Alternating Lights
• change color following a regular pattern
• airport beacons, harbor entrance lights

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Special Purpose Lights

• Sector Lights
• red light used in dangerous sectors
• sector limits are expressed in degrees true as
  observed from a vessel, not from the light!

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Special Purpose Lights

• Range Lights
• used to mark straight reaches of a channel

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Determining the Computed Visibility of a NavAid

• Purpose To be able to determine, in advance,
  when you should expect to gain or lose sight of a
  navaid during a coastal transit.
• Computed visibility The maximum distance at
  which a light can be seen given the current
  meteorological conditions.
• NOTE Computed visibility ? Meteorological
  Visibility

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Determining the Computed Visibility of a NavAid

• Horizon distance the LOS from a position above
  the earths surface to the visual horizon.
• Geographic range the maximum distance that a
  light may be seen in perfect visibility by an
  observers eye who is at sea level.
• Computed range the distance at which a light
  could be seen in perfect visibility (taking into
  account elevation, observers height of eye, and
  the curvature of the earth). CR Horizon
  Distance Geographic Distance
• Luminous range the maximum distance at which a
  light may be seen under under the current
  meteorological conditions.
• Nominal range a special case of the luminous
  range. It is the distance a light could be seen
  in clear weather. Also called the charted
  range.
• Computed visibility The maximum distance at
  which a light can be seen in the current
  meteorological conditions.

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Determining the Computed Visibility of a NavAid

• STEP 1 Determine luminous range
• (Given Nominal range and visibility)
• STEP 2 Determine geographic range
• (Given Elevation)
• STEP 3 Determine horizontal distance
• (Given Height of Eye)
• STEP 4 Determine computed range (GR HD)
• STEP 5 Compare LR with CR
• If LR gt CR, then computed visibility CR
• If CR gt LR, then computed visibility LR

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Lesson 4b Visual Navigation Aids (Buoys)
11/15/2009
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QUESTION Are you left or right of track?
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Lesson 4b Visual Navigation Aids (Buoys)

• AGENDA
• Systems of Buoyage
• Characteristics of Lateral Buoys
• Use of Buoys in Piloting
• Applicable reading Hobbs pg. 98-109.

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Cardinal System of Buoyage

• Uniform Cardinal System of Buoyage
• Method indicate the approximate true bearing of
  safe water from the danger it marks.
• Uses
• Mark offshore rocks, shoals, and islets.
• Mark dangers in and near the open sea.

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Cardinal System of Buoyage
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Lateral Systems of Buoyage

• Lateral Systems of Buoyage
• Method indicate the direction of danger relative
  to the course that should normally be followed.
• Uses
• Indicate sides or junctions of navigable channels
• Indicate the safe side on which to pass a hazard
• Mark the approx. centerline of wide bodies of
  water

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Lateral Systems

• US Lateral System ? IALA B
• Red buoys mark the starboard (right) side of
  channels
• When returning from seaward
• Green buoys mark the port (left) side of channels
• When returning from seaward
• Uniform Lateral System ? IALA A
• The opposite of above

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Channel Buoys
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Safe Water Buoys
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Preferred Channel Buoys
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Port Channel Buoys
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Stbd Channel Buoys
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Preferred Channel Buoys
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Special Buoys

• Used to mark
• Prohibited areas
• Limits of fish traps
• Cable crossings
• Anchorages
• Color is yellow
• Usually unlighted

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Use of Buoys/Beacons in Piloting

• The first objective upon sighting a Nav Aid is to
  identify it.
• After PID - make use of it
• Use fixed aids to navigation and charted
  structures for shooting LOPs whenever possible
• Bearings to buoys may be used to help clarify the
  navigation picture when no other objects are
  available.

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PLATFORM OF THE DAYCG47 Ticonderoga Class
Cruiser
Weapons Mk 41 VLS (122 cells) Mk 45 5 54 cal
gun (2) RGM 84 Harpoon (8) 20 mm CIWS (2) Mk 32
Torpedo Tubes (6) SH-60 B -Mk 50
Torpedoes -Penguin missile -Hellfire missiles
Missions AAW, ASuW, ASW, STW
Sensors AN/SPY 1 B Radar AN/SPS 49 Radar AN/SPS
55 Radar AN/SPS 64 Radar AN/SQS 53 Sonar AN/SQR
19 TACTAS AN/SLQ 32 ESM
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Study Questions

• Chapter 6
• Section 1 5, 6
• Section 2 4, 8,
• Section 3 2, 4, 6, 8