Modern homo sapiens sapiens

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Modern homo sapiens sapiens

• ANA 215

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In the beginning

• 7.0mya Toumaï
• 6.0 mya Tugen Hills Orrorin tugenensis
• 3.9 - 3.0 mya Australopithecus afarensis
• 3.7 3.3 mya Australopithecus africanus
• 2.5-2.0 mya Australopithecus robustus
• 1.75 mya Australopithecus bosei

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Australopithecines
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Homo habilis?
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Homo erectus (1.8 400,000)

• 1.6 1.8 mya Homo erectus sites in Europe
  (Dmansi) and East Africa (Narikotome).
• Acheulian tool assemblages - biface

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Biface
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Early archaics/Neandertals

• 400,000 100,000 ya
• Transitional forms in Africa, Asia and Europe
• Brain expansion, reduction in tooth size, more
  advanced tool culture, evidence of hunting, use
  of fire and burials in the late archaic

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Neandertal speech?
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Modern humans

• Cranial morphology
• Rapid increase in technology and social
  developments
• Where did they originate?
• How did they spread out into the rest of the Old
  World?

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Objectives

• Cranial morphology of modern h.s.s.
• Two theories pertaining to their origins
• Cultural adaptations tool use and art

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Cranial morphology

• Vertical forehead
• Reduced browridge
• Pyramidal mastoid process
• Canine fossa
• Definite chin

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Out of Africa hypothesis

• Origin in Africa
• Klasies River Mouth, Border Cave
• Replaced hominids in Asia and Europe
• Support from mtDNA mitochondrial Eve

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photo
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Multi-regional evolution

• Milford Wolpoff, University of Michigan
• Evolution of anatomically modern humans occurred
  simultaneously in different regions
• Gene flow, migration and selection prevented
  speciation

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Partial replacement model

• Anatomically modern humans appear in Africa
  around 100,000 ya
• Migrate into Europe and Asia
• Interbreed and replace the archaic homo sapiens

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South Africa

• Klasies River Mouth 120,000 to 80,000 years ago

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Near East

• Skhul Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel
• 115,000 years ago
• 10 individuals
• Qafzeh Cave, Israel
• 100,000 years ago
• 20 individuals

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Central Europe

• Mladec, Czech Republic
• Vindija, Croatia
• 33, 000 years ago
• Both Neandertal and modern human features

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Southern France

• Cro-Magnon site
• 30,000 ya
• 8 individuals
• Old Man (Cro-Magnon 1)
• Gracile traits indicative of anatomically modern
  humans.

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Spain

• Abrigo do Lagar Velho
• 4 year old child skeleton
• 24,500 ya
• Most compelling evidence for the multi-regional
  theory

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Asia

• Zhoukoudian
• Upper late Pleistocene 18,000 10,000 ya
• Jinniushan
• 200,000 ya
• Supports the idea of regional continuity instead
  of complete replacement

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Australia

• Lake Mungo
• 30,000-25,000 ya

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Upper Palaeolithic (40,000 y.a.)
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Cultural periods

• Chatelperronian/Aurignacian 40,000 ya
• Gravettian 27,000 ya
• Solutrean 21,000 ya
• Magdalenian 17,000 ya

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Awl/bone needles (19,000 ya)
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Solutrean blade
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Burin
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Barbed harpoon
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Atlatl (Magdalenian)

• Spear thrower

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(No Transcript)
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Venus figurines
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Cave Paintings
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Art - Symbolism

• Is this symbolic or utilitarian?
• Cave paintings
• Lascaux cave (Magdalenian)
• Altamira (Magdalenian)
• Grotte Chauvet (Aurignacian)

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Summary

• Anatomically modern human Africa, Near East,
  Europe, Asia, and Australia
• Anatomically modern human Near East and Europe
  admixed with archaic features

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Summary

• Harsh climate advanced tool technology
• Adaptation culture