Figure 51 Page 92

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Figure 5-1Page 92
CHAPTER 5 EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY ORIGINS,
NICHES AND ADAPTATION
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Figure 5-2Page 93
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Animation
Stanley Miller's experiment animation.
Click to view animation.
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Figure 5-3Page 94
Modern humans (Homo sapiens) appear about 2
seconds before midnight
Recorded human history begins 1/4 second before
midnight
Age of mammals
Age of reptiles
midnight
Insects and amphibians invade the land
Origin of life (3.63.8 billion years ago)
Plants invade the land
First fossil record of animals
Plants begin invading land
noon
Evolution and expansion of life
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Figure 5-4Page 96
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Animation
Example of directional selection animation.
Click to view animation.
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Figure 4-5Page 68
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Figure 5-5 (1)Page 97
Directional Natural Selection
Average
New average
Previous average
Snail coloration best adapted to conditions
Number of individuals
Number of individuals
Average shifts
Coloration of snails
Coloration of snails
Proportion of light-colored snails in population
increases
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Figure 4-13Page 72
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Figure 5-5 (2)Page 97
Stabilizing Natural Selection
Dark snails eliminated
Light snails eliminated
Snails with extreme coloration are eliminated
Number of individuals
Number of individuals
Coloration of snails
Coloration of snails
Average remains the same, but the number of
individuals with intermediate coloration increases
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Figure 5-5 (3)Page 97
Diversifying Natural Selection
Snails with light and dark colors dominate
Intermediate-colored snails are selected against
Light coloration is favored
Dark coloration is favored
Number of individuals
Number of individuals
Coloration of snails
Coloration of snails
Number of individuals with light and dark
coloration increases, and the number with
intermediate coloration decreases
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Figure 5-6Page 98
Niche separation
Generalist species with a broad niche
Number of individuals
Generalist species with a narrow niche
Niche breadth
Region of niche overlap
Resource use
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Figure 5-7Page 100
Herring gull is a tireless scavenger
Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates
from the air
Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface
Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search
of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans
Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles
for small invertebrates
Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks,
crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation
Avocet sweeps bill through mud and surface water
in search of small crustaceans, insects, and
seeds
Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud
Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other
shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak
Knot (a sandpiper) picks up worms and small
crustaceans left by receding tide
Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small
fish
Piping plover feeds on insects and
tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches
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Stepped ArtFigure 5-8Page 100
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Figure 5-9Page 101
120
120
80
80
80
80
40
120
120
135 million years ago
225 million years ago
EURASIA
AFRICA
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80
0
120
40
120
120
INDIA
SOUTH AMERICA
65 million years ago
Present
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Animation
Stabilizing selection animation.
Click to view animation.
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Animation
Disruptive selection animation.
Click to view animation.
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Animation
Evolutionary tree of life animation.
Click to view animation.
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Animation
Evolutionary tree diagrams interaction.
Click to view animation.