Ei dian otsikkoa

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Security policy in generation Stretching concepts
or interpretation? Soldier, Fatherland and
National defence in Security discourse
Work in Progress - Why and how?
International relations - World politics
- Rhetoric - Conceptual history
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Research plan of my doctoral dissertation and a
work in progress... Because the subject of this
paper is sounding so military it is needed to
stress what this study is not
I will not want to analyse security policy in
terms of strategic political, military object,
neither
I have any interest to create new security policy
for Finland or give any advice how to improve it.
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At the beginning of this project...
My more general aims were to deliberate and
analyse
What kind of new modes and elements individual,
organisational and structural, there is appearing
in connection to developing European policy, that
security policy-making will be forced to adopt or
take into consideration.

• How the Finnish Security policy has been
  generated during its independence years,
• Who have been the main actors generating it and,
  
• Who are nowadays primarily influencing to
  security lining,
• How the role of soldier as an individual person
  and as a concept Soldier have been
  changed during this progress.

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but I realised that simple man should keep simple
targets..
Main focus and research questions are to
deliberate
Q1
Q2
What kind of political role soldiers as an
individual person and as a concept Soldier
have in context of security discourse
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HOW TO STUDY THESE SENSITIVE QUESTIONS?
to operate with this questions it is needed to
know
What are the attitudes and opinions of
soldiers? Inquiry survey - poll What are the
Finnish security discourse and security
policy? What kind of concept Soldier is in
Finnish context Discourse analysis with
interdisciplinary approach
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Opinions and attitudes
Conceptual progress
Survey
Empirical findings
Discourse analysis
Pilot officers
Discourse theories
SR 1995
Security discourse
30 loss of pilots
SR 1997
Conceptual theories
Q 1
SR 2001
Problems to get employees to Crises
management operations
Q2
SR 2004
Rhetorical theories
SR 2008
Poll 2009
Result 1
Result 2
Interpretation
Report
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Support material
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How to define Finnish Security discourse
Laclau (1985) defines discourses as systems of
signifiers articulated practises, which will
mould the identities of subjects and objectives.
Eero Suoninen (1993) sees that discourse is
rather unbroken totality of the relationship of
meanings or horizon of meanings, what construct
reality. Foucault (1972) sees discourses as
practises, which systematically will mould the
objects of their parole. His point of view is in
that the inner rules of discourse will define,
what is possible to say about specific item or
topic and how to speak about it. Palonen,
Emilia (2007) comprehends discourse as a cluster
of values and concepts, which always has its
borders, in which certain elements have
articulated as signifiers and key meanings. The
very essential content of politics is activity
which aims to create and demolish those value
clusters named discourse
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What are the key concepts? What kind of roles
the key concepts have in the security
discourse? What are the key arguments to
change security policy? What other pressures
there appears to change the meanings of the key
concepts?
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Discourse analysis
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Primary sources in discourse analysis
In highest category there are laws and orders and
the documents made by cabinet and the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Defence.
Security report of Cabinet
Speeches concerning security
The Party programs and the Party linings, which
mirror the develop of situation awareness and
political self understanding among the Parties.
Articles published in competent magazines made
within five years. Competent articles published
in main daily magazines.
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Limitations, sources and factors
1994
2008
1995
2007
General election
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Security debate in Finnish context

• Because of Finnish past and tradition, security
  debate faces obvious initially difficulties
• People dont regard security policy as politics
  and wont participate debate?
• Politicians and people are discussing separate
  subjects and topics?
• Wrong subjects for debate - Defence policy,
  Alliance, Joint responsibility?

What really happen?What kind of relevant
questions will be passed?How Security policy is
generating?
Discourse analysis Rhetoric analysis Conceptual
history
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Pic. 2. Affecting Powers and Pressures in
Discourse
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GLOBALISM
STATE / NATIONALISM
REGIONALISM
Source Elementary tendencies of world order
adapting Hakovirta (2002), Heinonen 2008
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Content

• Security debate in Finnish context
• Why the sphere and topics of the debate won't
  enlarge?
• What is Finnish Security discourse
• It is what has been made in its name, what are
  the arguments which are used doing it and, how
  it so doing, will be defined.
• On Concepts
• Concepts are in motion and they are objects for
  efforts to change them intentionally
  in range of playing field
• The meaning of the security environment as a
  context for Finnish discourse
• Globalisation both tighten, decentralise and
  politicise Security function
• Security environment in large sense challenges
  security policy
• Finnish security rhetoric
• Rhetoric concerning Threat analysis The views
  depend on standpoint
• Rhetoric of official security policy Singular
  or collective parole
• Security rhetoric of party programs Question of
  mandate
• European dimension in security rhetoric
  Selfishness or joint responsibility
• Concepts of Soldier, Fatherland and National
  defence in motion?
• Conclusion and Summary

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Conclusion and Summary of discourse analysis

• Security Policy seems to be more plainly a tool
  of Foreign Policy and a part of World
  Politics

• Parties seem to use unclear situation suitably
  to their own purposes tendencies to
  enlarge and change concepts can be seen as tools
  in this.

• National defence has been expanded abroad to
  Crisis management and to protection of the
  interest of the State abroad.

• State has replaced Fatherland in parole but
  not when speaking about commitment in
  terms of defence willingness

• Both State and Soldier seems to be in crisis
  concerning their continues values and
  identities

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Conceptual history - Horizon of possibilities for
interpretation- Globalisation
1945
1995
1960
1917
1809
Legalisation
Policy
Interest
Impacts
Benefits vs Threats Globalisation Climate? Energy?
Democratisation? Equality? Fear Play? Free
trade? New colonialism? Contest on market?
National Interests Special Interests Natural
resources
Concepts of Soldier and National defence

Democracy - what is it?
History of events
Terrorism - what is it?
Genealogy
War history
Separatism - what is it?
Conceptual history
Perspectivism
History of Ideas
Who is the audience?
Comparative history
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The End
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Among world politics foreign and security policy
are usually bound together and they are
traditionally been understood as a policy between
different states (countries, societies etc), in
order to control international relations.
Theories concerning these international relations
have been dominated by Realism which have tight
relation to positivism until 1980's. During last
20 years Realism has been challenged by several
new critical theories, which are based more to
principles of relativism and interpretationism.
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Worth noticing is that Realism still seems to
have a major role in decision making among the
states and their common understanding of the
concept of war, which is basically based on the
historical picture generated during thousands of
years although the methods, technique and art of
war have been changed dramatically. Following
the ideas of Weber, who claims, that there is no
facts or truths, which are not made by somebody
from his / her standpoint we can assume that
facts generated with approach of realism are more
or less opinions. According to this, one can
assume, that if we are following the methods
based on tradition of realism we will get no new
perspective to security policy but those what
somebody is already determined.
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(No Transcript)
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Empowering the UN in Fighting Terrorism A very
large majority of Americans favors having the UN
play a greater role in the fight against
terrorism, including strengthening the role of
international law and enhancing intelligence
co-operation. Overwhelming majorities support the
UN Security Council being able to require UN
members to allow a UN-sponsored police force to
enter countries and conduct investigations, to
freeze the assets of suspected terrorist groups,
to provide intelligence on them, to arrest them,
and if the member country refuses to do so, to
send in an international military force to
capture suspected terrorists. A strong majority
favors using international judicial bodies for
trying terrorists. Americans see the UN as
playing an important role in the fight against
terrorism and would like to see it play larger
role than it has. In an October 2006 WPO poll
71 said that the US should put a greater
priority on, Working through the UN to
strengthen international laws against terrorism
and make sure UN members co-operate in enforcing
them.
Source WPO poll, October 2006
http//www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/about.php?n
ididwpo
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POLL Organisation Program on International
Policy AttitudesDates November 1-4, 2001
Source WPO poll, October 2006