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People, Natural Resources, and Climate: ICRAF in the Philippines

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Title: People, Natural Resources, and Climate: ICRAF in the Philippines


1
People, Natural Resources, and Climate ICRAF in
the Philippines
  • Rodel D. Lasco
  • Philippines Coordinator

2
Outline
  • Our context state of natural resources in the
    Philippines
  • What ICRAF is doing
  • Landcare (NVS, trees)
  • Payments for environmental services (climate
    change mitigation)
  • Climate change adaptation
  • Interaction with policy makers

3
Whats wrong with our natural resources?
4
The Philippine Uplands Forest lands under siege

5
Extent of Forest Cover Loss for the last 100 years
70
60
40
18.3
34
23.7
Source Dolom, 2006 Adapted from Environmental
Science for Social Change, 1999
6
450 families "owned" 10 M ha!
7
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9
Imperata grasslands cover gt 2 M ha
10
18-20 M people live in the uplands
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13
More than 100 years of reforestation
14
Can the government rehabilitate denuded forest
lands?
  • At current rate of reforestation, it will take
    more than 100 years to reforest denuded lands!
  • Assuming there are financial resources
  • US 1 billion needed to reforest 2 M ha
  • A better way is needed

15
How ICRAF is trying to make a difference
16
Landcare an approach for promoting sound NRM
17
What is Landcare Approach?
  • A community-led initiative for the judicious
    utilization of the land and the application of
    basic principles of natural resource management
  • Operationally, an extension approach for the
    rapid and inexpensive diffusion among upland
    farmers of agroforestry and SWC
  • Supported by ACIAR/AusAID and AECI

18
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19
Organizational structure of Municipal Landcare
Association (Claveria Landcare Association)
MUNICIPAL LEVEL
  • ACTORS
  • President, Municipal Landcare Association
  • Barangay level Presidents (Chapter presidents)
  • Municipal Mayor
  • Municipal councilsl
  • Municipal Agriculture Officer
  • Academe and research institution
  • NGOs

VILLAGE LEVEL
  • ACTORS
  • Chapter president
  • Sub-chapter level Presidents
  • Agriculture technicians
  • Village councils

SUB-VILLAGE LEVEL
  • ACTORS
  • Sub-chapter Landcare president
  • Households
  • Agriculture technicians
  • Sitio leaders

Sitio Landcare Sub-chapter
20
Upland technologies
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25
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26
Desirable qualities of NVS
  • minimal labor and zero cash input in
    establishment and maintenance
  • effective in reducing soil loss
  • reduced sediment loss from cultivated hillsides
    with 25 to 45 slope by up to 95

27
  • minimal competition on adjacent row crops, as
    long as NVS pruned at least once before- and once
    during a 3- to 4- month cropping period
  • technology acceptable to tenant farmers since it
    requires very minimal investments
  • allows farmers to adopt individual components in
    a flexible, stepwise manner, enabling them to
    pursue alternative adoption pathways

28
  • Provide the foundation for farmers to evolve to
    complex agroforestry by incorporating fruit and
    timber trees, fodder grasses and other crops

29
Impacts of Landcare
30
Types of adoptors of soil and water conservation
measures
31
Landcare now (1996 to the present)
  • Today, there are more than 600 Landcare groups in
    northern Mindanao and Visayas
  • More than 8,000 farming families have adopted
    soil conservation technologies
  • Covering 4,700 ha
  • established more than 300 communal and individual
    tree nurseries
  • Hundreds of thousands of fruit and timber tree
    seedlings were planted

32
Payments for Environmental Services
Watershed Protection Biodiversity
Protection Carbon Sequestration Landscape Beauty
Source Francisco, 2005
33
  • Whats wrong with our climate?

34
Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous oxide over the last 10,000
years (large panels) and since 1750 (inset
panels). (IPCC, 2007)
35
IPCC, 2007
36
IPCC 2007
37
Two basic responses to climate change
  • Mitigation- An anthropogenic intervention to
    reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of
    greenhouse gases.
  • Adaptation- Adjustment in natural or human
    systems in response to actual or expected
    climatic stimuli or their effects, which
    moderates harm or exploits beneficial
    opportunities.

38
Climate change mitigation
39
Trees help mitigate CO2, but
CO2
Photosynthesis
Burning
40
BIOMASS IS ABOUT 50 CARBON BY WEIGHT
41
189 (48)
Total C density 393 t/ha
3.5 (0.9)
4.8 (1.2)
Roots 4.3 (1.1)
SOC 191 (49)
Carbon density (t/ha) of natural forests in
Leyte, Philippines (Lasco et al., 2003)
42
There is an emerging carbon market
  • As payments for carbon sequestration service of
    trees
  • The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the
    Kyoto Protocol
  • Voluntary market (USA)
  • World Bank carbon funds

43
Division of Parties under the UNFCCC
Annex I
Annex II
Australia / Austria / Belgium / Canada / Denmark
/ EC / Finland / France / Germany / Greece
/Iceland / Ireland / Italy / Japan / Luxembourg /
Netherlands / New Zealand / Norway / Portugal /
Spain / Sweden / Switzerland / Turkey / United
Kingdom / USA
Belarus / Bulgaria / Croatia / Czech Republic /
Estonia / Hungary / Latvia / Liechtenstein /
Lithuania / Monaco / Poland / Romania / Russian
Federation / Slovakia / Slovenia / Ukraine
Non-Annex I Countries All the Rest of Ratifying
Countries
44
Selected Emission Reduction () of Annex 1
countries (relative to 1990)
  • Industrialized Countries
  • Australia 108
  • Canada 94
  • EC bubble 92
  • (Germany 75)
  • (Portugal 140)
  • Japan 94
  • Norway 101
  • New Zealand 100
  • USA 93 ???
  • Economies in Transition
  • Bulgaria 92
  • Baltics 92
  • Croatia 95
  • Czech Republic 92
  • Hungary 94
  • Poland 94
  • Romania 92
  • Russia 100
  • Ukraine 100

Average reduction of 5
45
Kyoto Protocol Flexibility Mechanisms(Source
Yap. 2004)
Annex I GHG Emissions
Clean Development Mechanism
Emission Trading
1990 level
Joint Implementation
- 5
Domestic Actions
Assigned Amounts
Present day
2012 (BaU)
2012 with KP
46
How A World Bank C Fund Works
47
Only afforestation and reforestation projects are
allowed under the CDM
48
CDMable Forest Lands
CDM
CDM
CDM
49
ICRAF Philippines is
  • Helping design carbon sequestration projects for
    small farmers to access carbon finance
  • Engaging policy makers and donors in setting up
    guidelines for CDM
  • Participating in the IPCC process (eg GHG
    inventory)

50
LLDA/World Bank Tanay Streambank Project
  • Reforest 70 ha of private and public lands
  • Establish 25 ha of agroforestry farms

51
Lasco, 2005
52
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53
Kalahan IP Carbon Project (RUPES-IFAD)
  • convert the 900 ha of marginal and abandoned
    land to more productive tree-based system.
  • enhance the livelihood of the communities through
    agroforestry.
  • protect the watershed, enhance the biodiversity,
    and improve eco-tourism area

54
Lasco and Villamor, 2006
55
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56
Climate Change Adaptation
57
Findings from IPCC WG 2 (2007)
  • Observational evidence shows that many natural
    systems are being affected by regional climate
    changes, particularly temperature increases.
  • Adaptation will be necessary to address impacts
    resulting from the warming which is already
    unavoidable due to past emissions
  • Some adaptation is occurring now, to observed and
    projected future climate change, but on a very
    limited basis
  • A wide array of adaptation options is available,
    but more extensive adaptation than is currently
    occurring is required to reduce vulnerability to
    future climate change.

58
(IPCC 2007)
59
Sensitivity of rice yield to climate change as
derived against mean local temperature change
used as a proxy indicating magnitude of climate
change in each study. Responses include cases
without adaptation (red dots) and with adaptation
(dark green dots). Adaptation represented in
these studies included changes in planting,
changes in cultivars, and shifts from rain-fed to
irrigated conditions.
Chapter 5 IPCC 2007
60
Key Questions for ICRAF Philippines
  • Can rural institutions like Landcare and its
    associated agroforestry technologies increase
    resilience to climate risks?
  • Are there policies in the natural resources
    sector that promote maladaptation (ie increased
    vulnerability) to climate change?
  • How can watershed managers adapt to climate
    change?
  • How can climate change adaptation be mainstreamed
    into national plans and programs on sustainable
    development?

61
Projects
  • TroFCCA/CIFOR Forests and watersheds
  • ACCCA Landcare farmers and watersheds
  • APN Mainstreaming climate change in sustainable
    development
  • SEARCA Policies that promote maladaptation to
    climate change

62
Forest ecosystems
Mean Annual Biotemperature
The Holdridge System of vegetative cover
classification
63
Potential Holdridge life zones in the Philippines
64
Holdridge life zones in the Philippines under
Scenario 1 (25 increase in rainfall) and at
three levels of temperature increase.
65
Adaptation Strategy For Forests
  • dry forest types are highly vulnerable
  • an overall adaptation strategy should focus on
    identifying which forest areas are more at risk
    and which species are unique in these areas.
  • Specific adaptation options could include helping
    vulnerable species migrate, assisting local
    communities shift from forest products from
    forests at risk

66
Water Resources
67
Projected daily average dry season flow in PCW
using 1990 landcover.
Cruz et al., 2006
68
Adaptation strategies employed by the respondents
to cope with impacts of climate variability on
water requirements for irrigation
69
Farmer adaptation to curent climate risks in
Pantabangan, NE
  • Farmers adapt to current climate variability and
    extremes (eg ENSO, typhoons)
  • Documented through workshops, focus group
    discussions and survey

70
Current adaptation to drought by lowland farmers
in PCW irrigation districts
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73
Current adaptation to flooding in PCW
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75
Tradeoff analysis of adaptation strategies
76
Mainstreaming climate change
Perceptions on whether or not climate change has
been mainstreamed into Philippine policies or
not.
77
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78
In summary, ICRAF Philippines is engaged in
  • Strengthening local institutions through Landcare
    and AF technologies
  • Helping small farmers capture payments for
    environmental services
  • Finding ways by which small farmers can adapt to
    climate change
  • Interacting with policy makers, international
    organizations and donors

79
Thank You!!!
80
www.worldagroforestry.org
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