Folio Instruments Inc'

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Folio Instruments Inc.

• Testing the finish
• Plastics, Paints, Food, Pharmaceutical

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Examples of Finish

• Straps for pallets tension test
• Enduit du chocolat sur les gâteaux May West
  texture
• Plasma finish of plastics paint adhesion
• Coatings for government furniture solar fastness

• Wood flooring abrasion resistance
• Jams for Krispy Kernel viscosity for pumping
• Plastic wrap angle de contact angle pour
  empêcher lhumidité de perler sur la surface
  Printing on plastic COF to prevent rollers from
  jamming

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Solids testing

• Thickness and environment
• Color fastness and Corrosion
• Wash ability Abrasion - Adhesion
• Tension - Compression - COF
• Impact Bending - Hardness
• Temperature Pressure - Humidity recorders
• Image analysis

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Liquids Testing

• Contact Angle
• Viscosity
• Surface tension
• Dispersion
• pH
• Test Charts

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Measurement

• I know you heard what I said - but did you hear
  what I meant
• Measurement - a number which can mean different
  things to different people
• Measurement is a dimension in test space

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Solids
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Non-Destructive Dry FilmCoating Thickness Gages
p21
TYPES
MECHANICAL
ELECTRONIC
PosiPen
PosiTest
PosiTector 6000
PosiTector 100
PosiTector 200
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PosiTector 6000

• Simple, Durable, Accurate gages use magnetic and
  eddy current principles to measure coating
  thickness on both ferrous and non-ferrous metals,
  accurately and quickly.
• 1 accuracy

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PosiTector 100
Large graphic display provides simple yet
detailed analysis of coating thickness data
at-a-glance
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PosiTector 200

• Proven non-destructive ultrasonic technique
  conforms to ASTM D6132
• Internal memory stores up to 1000 readings
• Certificate of Calibration showingtraceability
  to NIST included with every gage.

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PosiTector UTG

• Ultrasonic Thickness Gage measures the wall
  thickness of materials such as steel, cast iron,
  plastic and more.
• Ideal for measuring wall thickness and the
  effects of corrosion and erosion on tanks, pipes,
  or any structure where access is limited to one
  side.

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PosiTector DPM

• Dew Point Meter measures and records climatic
  parameters.
• Measures air temperature, surface temperature,
  relative humidity, dew point temperature and
  difference between surface and dew point
  temperatures.
• Ideal for surface preparation as required by ISO
  8502-4

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Weathering 5-10 years

• 4 major causes of degradation sunlight
  moisture oxygen heat.
• Physical effects weight loss - increased Tg,
  water absorption causes blistering gloss
  color embrittlement peeling checking
  cracking erosion.
• Chemical degradation break bonds - crosslink's
  formation of hydrophilic groups.
• Angle, duration and intensity vary.
• Used to evaluate inhibitive additives.

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Sunshine Moisture p 25

• ASTM D UV color fastness with condensation
  spray
• Assumes UV RAYS only cause degradation- Choice of
  UV a or UVb
• D822- Carbon Arc- complete solution
• 2 years in 500 hours
• Available with controlled humidity immersion
  (rain)
• For exterior items Lighting, fences, furniture,
  cars

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Weathering of PP Decorative TrimExposure in the
desert over one year

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Corrosion 500 Hrs - Year

• ASTM D Salt-Spray B117
• ASTM D Pro-hesion- addition of ammonium sulfate
  and peristaltic pump to B117 for more realistic
  results
• For exterior items Lighting, fences, furniture,
  cars

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Environmental considerations

• Downward pressure on using chromate or lead rust
  inhibitors

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Influence of Weathering on Gloss
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WEAR (Abrasion) WASH ABILITY p1

• ASTM D 4213 Wash ability ability to hold color
• Scrub Resistance D 2486
• Dry and wet surfaces
• of cycles to wear through
• ASTM 4060 Taber Abrasion
• Effects of sand, dirt, rubbing on organic
  coatings
• Related to the hardness of the surface
• Wear Index - weight lost or rev/mil

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TABER ABRASER - CONCEPT
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Examples and Cal kit
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Benefits

• Linear Abraser testing
• Evaluating results
• Weight loss
• Visual inspection
• Scratch depth (width)
• Coating adhesion
• Performance measure
• Evaluation technique is dependent on the type of
  test

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Attachments Nuckle - Coin Fingers Scratch
- Rub
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Adhesion p 2

• ASTM D3359 Adhesion on metal based on Cross hatch
• Make an X pull off, compare to a chart
• Pull off tester D4541
• Less subjective
• Valid for plastics

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Scratch Mar resistance

• Hoffmann scratch testing
• More controlled adhesion testers
• Balanced beam for mar resistance (scuffing)
• Coatings has some elasticity to reform structure
• Ie sliding a glass across a table

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Hardness

• D 4366- NA standard Pendulum tester very
  sensitive - measures the dampening compared to
  known substance ie glass, lead
• Lead pencil cheap -portable and easy

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Other hardness

• For metals, wood, hard surfaces
• Measurement of the diameter to calculate the
  distance

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Durometers D2240 p13

• Shore Fits in your pocket
• Recognized worldwide
• Different set up depending on the material
• Barcol - for soft metals, linoleum, leather

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Bitumen as a coating

• Ring And Ball softening points
• Penetration or consistency

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Flexibility

• Impact tester- Gardner ability to resist high
  frequency force
• Based on energy
• Hardness - ability to resist dimensional
  deformation
• Also used as a rough test for PVC strength
• Mandrell testing - ability to resist deformation
  caused by substrate elongation D522

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Rupture testing

• Impact resistance of films

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COF p19

• Dynamic Force/ unit area required to keep in
  motion
• Static force/area to allow movement
• Measure of resistance to slippage
• Important for printing to prevent jamming of
  rollers
• Silicone agents added can evaporate or be
  inadequate

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Process Temperature, Pressure Humidity

• Autoclaves - heaters - sterilizers are
  bottlenecks for production
• Temperature probes allow optimization
• Recordings can be kept for audit trail
• Cold spots can be located.

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Force testing p 8

• Force - the ability to resist deformation or
  destruction
• Many different ASTM methods
• Slip Peel - Adhesion - Anchorage
• Many different grips available.

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Mechanical Properties

• Force - the ability to resist deformation or
  destruction
• Many different ASTM methods

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Mechanical Properties

• Stress - force per unit area
• Strain change in length as a percentage of
  original
• Yield - point at which permanent deformation is
  in place - material will flow at same stress or
  less

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ASTM D638

• Standard application
• Pull
• Anchorages furniture - Sea Doo
• Function of temperature
• Samples may be made by compression or injection
  molded or cuts

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Mechanical Properties

• Material Obeys Hookes law as a spring for a
  while and then flow is irreversible
• Proportional limit is point of change

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• Modulus of elasticity ratio stress/strain before
  proportional limit
• Proportional limit - point where material stops
  behaving only as a spring
• Ultimate strength - maximum unit stress material
  with stands
• Secant modulus -stress/strain at any point

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• Also look at elongation at yield
• Elongation at break
• Tensile strength at yield
• Tensile strength at break

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Characteristics

• Soft but tough - PET
• Hard and brittle -phenolic
• Hard and strong -Acetal
• Hard and tough - polycarbonate

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Flexural properties D790

• Ability to with stand bending
• Both compressive and tension forces
• More realistic for certain applications
• Load at 5 deflection or breakage
• Flexural modulus -stiffness

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Software
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Stress / RELAXATION

• Stress Relaxation
• Load required to keep a fixed deformation over
  time
• Creep
• Fixed load is applied and deformation is measured
  over time
• Recovery

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Tenderometer

• Imitates chewing action
• Specific indexes for the food industry
• Very popular on goods that are canned or frozen

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Image analysis

• Allows 35 - 100x magnification
• Allows storage and printing
• Allows dimensions -distance - area -
  circumference
• Allows industrial sample holder

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New European regulations

• ROHS
• Chrome
• Lead
• Mercury
• Others

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Liquid materials
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Dispersion p10

• Particles may have attractive or repulsive forces
• Dispersion is different than mixing
• Particle size will influence K/S which is
  absorption characteristics color -gloss -
  orange peel
• High energy is required
• Usually due to hydrophobic nature
• Effects surface finish - DOI

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Fineness of Dispersion

• Degree of dispersion by using a grind gage
• Also used to determine cleanliness
• D1316 for inks

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Test Charts p4

• Standard background for visual or instrument
  evaluation
• Sagging - Leveling - Gloss - Color - Contrast
  ratio - Opacity - Strength
• Flocculation Floating - RUB Up - Leveling
• Automated device provides higher reproducibility
• Available in wood , metal, glass

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Moisture

• Karl Fisher- Referee method
• KF Coulometric- simple for low level
• Microwave - easy calibration fast -
• Formulation Plastics - bubbles
• Food Specifications

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Zeta Potential

• Charge of particles is factor
• Potential is a function of pH
• Factor in sedimentation

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pH- Neg Log of H Concentration

• 0-7 acidic 7-14 basic
• Probes are non-linear so calibration in range of
  use is critical
• Pure water is 7
• Function of temperature - compensation available

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MSDS- Flash Point

• Temperature at which vapor supports combustion
• Classification for shipping
• Storage conditions
• D93 Pensky for viscous materials requiring
  stirring
• D56 Tag for pure solvents
• D3278 Setaflash - small sample size can be used
  instead of D93

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Rheology

• The deformation of a body under certain stress
• Mechanical study of deformation
• Elastic Component energy storage
• Viscous component permanent deformation

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Viscosity Measurement

• The relationship between force (shear
  stress) and speed (shear rate)

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Basic Terms

• Shear stress
• Force/ Area
• Pa or Dynes/cm

• Shear rate
• Speed/gap
• 1/s

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Viscometers

• Zahn - Ford D1200
• Rotational concentric cylinder Brookfield
• Rotational Cone and Plate
• Tubes - Cannon- Fenske
• Vibrating Rods

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Terms

• Units of measure
• Poise (P) or (P x 100) for centipoise
• Absolute measurement/Brookfield viscometers
• Stokes (S) or (S x 100) for centistokes
• Kinematic measurement/Tubes and cups
• Krebs units
• KU or Stormer for paint consistency
• Seconds refers to the tubes or cups

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Newtonian Liquids

• Viscosity is constant with shear rate
• No shear thinning occurs
• Simple equation
• Shear stress
• viscosity shear rate
• Viscosity slope

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Kinematic Viscometers

• Easy to use
• Inexpensive
• Portable
• Many ASTM methods
• Very precise
• Shear rate is caused by weight of material
• Somewhat dimension -less or relative

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Examples Kinematic Viscometers
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Problems with Kinematic Viscometer p23

• Only 1 point
• Cannot compare different density materials
• Usually no temp control
• Typically low precision on mfg. Material must
  have consistent density
• Shear rate is hard to adjust, material should be
  Newtonian
• Results hard to compare between methods
• But cheap portable

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Absolute Viscometers Concentric Cylinder
(Brookfield type)

• Shear can be adjusted to imitate production
  conditions
• Geometry more easily defined Absolute
• Values can be compared
• Valid for pseudo plastic materials

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Pseudo plastic

• Viscosity decreases with shear rate
• Material aligns itself with increasing speed
• Typically has a yield point
• Can be characterized by equations

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Thixotropy

• Material breaks down by absorbing energy
• Once the force is removed, energy is dissipated
  the material regains original structure

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Example Alcan- Mud

• Used a brookfield 1 point to prevent mud from
  flowing to fast
• Bud mud slid
• Purchase of a 100K viscometer
• Got same value but solution was
• Measure 2 points and calculate slope- or 3 points
  for add degree of freedom

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Disadvantages

• Requires laminar flow
• Particles must not interfere
• No slippage
• Weisenberg effect at high speeds
• More expensive
• Concentric cylinder harder to clean

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Cone Plate

• Small sample sizes
• Easy to clean
• High shear rates due to small gap 10000s-1
• Able to handle a wider variety of materials
• Brush ability

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Approximate Comparison
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Models

• Equations which characterize the curve based on
  speed
• Poisson, Casson, Exponential etc
• Require many different points

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The complete Solution

• Allows many data points
• Includes software for control and acquisition
• Has many models to choose from Yield Stress
  Calculations (Bingham Plastic, Casson, Chocolate
  Casson), Power Law Consistency Index
  Calculations, Paste Analysis

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Surface Energy p 9

• Surface Energy interaction in the First Ten
  Angstroms of the interface
• Contact angle - Index for wet ability
• Used by formulators to modify the surface
• Wood preservatives - laminates, anti grafitty,
  waxes, fabrics

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Problem with Dyne pens

• Specific to inks
• Example water
• Water on glass slides as and adhesive.
• Water on wood preservative

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Fundamentals Of Adhesion

• Diffusion - molecular weight, structure, time
• Chemical - functional groups
• Mechanical- locking- roughness- porosity
• Electrostatic
• Acid - Base

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Surface Tension

• Surface tension - Used by formulators to modify
  the liquid
• Can determine if liquids are miscible
• Oscillating ST- Foaming
• Dynamic - with time
• Applications Inks on pape r- spreading

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Instruments solve problems !