Musical Instruments 2

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Musical Instruments2
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Musical Instruments
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Saxophone
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• The saxophone is a member of the woodwind
  family.
• Saxophones are usually made of brass and are
  played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to
  the clarinet.
• The saxophone was invented by Adolphe Sax in
  1841.
• He wanted to create an instrument that would both
  be the loudest of the woodwinds and the most
  versatile of the brass, and would fill the then
  vacant middle ground between the two sections.
• He patented the sax in 1846 in two groups of
  seven instruments each various sizes in
  alternating transposition.

• While proving very popular in its intended niche
  of military band music, the saxophone is most
  commonly associated with popular music, big band
  music, blues, early rock and roll, ska and
  particularly jazz.
• There is also a substantial repertoire of
  concert music
• Saxophone players are called saxophonists.

• Ravel's scoring for the instrument in Bolero
  features famous Sax solo

• .In the 1920s the bass saxophone was used often
  in classic jazz recordings, since at that time it
  was easier to record than a tuba or double bass.
• It is also used in the original score (and movie)
  of Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story.

• The saxophone has been more recently introduced
  into the symphony orchestra, where it has found
  increased popularity

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Maracas
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• Maracas is a native instrument of Puerto Rico.
• Maracas They are simple percussion instruments
  (idiophonesproduce sound by vibrating
  themselves)
• Maracas are usually played in pairs
• Maracas consist of a dried calabash or gourd
  shell or coconut shell filled with seeds or dried
  beans. They may also be made of leather, wood, or
  plastic.
• Often one maraca is pitched high and the other is
  pitched low.
• There are in existence clay maracas used by the
  Indians of Colombia, 1500 years ago.

• Maracas are also very popular with children
• The word maraca is thought to have come from the
  Tupi language of Brazil, where it is pronounced
  'ma-ra-KAH'. They are known in Trinidad as
  shac-shacs.
• Although a simple instrument, the method of
  playing the maracas is not obvious. The seeds
  must travel some distance before they hit the
  leather, wood, or plastic, so the player must
  anticipate the rhythm. One can also strike the
  maraca against one's hand or leg to get a
  different sound.
• Band leader Vincent Lopez hosted a radio program
  in the early 1950s called Shake the Maracas in
  which audience members competed for small prizes
  by playing the instrument with the orchestra.
• Maracas are heard in many forms of Latin music
  and are also used in pop and classical music.
• They are considered characteristic of the music
  of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Venezuela,
  Mexico, Jamaica and Brazil.
• Maracas are often played at celebrations and
  special events. In rock and roll, they are
  probably most identified with Bo Diddley, who
  wrote the song "Bring it to Jerome" about his
  maraca player, Jerome Green.

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Balalaika
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• The balalaika is a stringed instrument of Russian
  origin,
• Blalaika has characteristic triangular body and
  3 strings (or sometimes 6, in 3 courses).
• The balalaika family of instruments includes the
  prima, sekunda, alto, bass and contrabass
  balalaika.
• All have three-sided bodies, spruce or fir tops
  and backs made of from 3-9 wooden sections, and
  all have 3 strings.
• The prima balalaika is played with the fingers,
  the sekunda and alto either with the fingers or a
  pick depending on the music being played, and the
  basses and contrabasses
• The most common solo instrument is the prima,
  tuned E-E-A

• The term first appeared in the Ukrainian language
  in the 18th century in documents from 1717-1732.
  It is thought that the term was borrowed into
  Russian where it first appeared a poem by V.
  Maikov "Elysei" in 1771.
• In the 1880s Vassily Vassilievich Andreyev
  developed a standardized balalaika made with the
  assistance of violin maker V. Ivanov. Since
  then it was widely used for Russian folk music.

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Xylophone
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• The xylophone (from the Greek words ????? -
  xylon, "wood" f??? - phone, "voice", meaning
  "wooden sound") is a percussion family instrument
• It consists of wooden bars of various lengths
  that are struck by plastic, wooden, or rubber
  mallets.
• Each bar is tuned to a specific pitch
• The xylophone originated independently in Asia
  and Africa.
• An older theory states that the instrument was
  invented in Indonesia and spread subsequently to
  Africa

• . Wooden bars were originally seated on a series
  of hollow gourds, and the gourds generated the
  resonating notes that are produced on modern
  instruments by metal tubes.
• For centuries, xylophone makers struggled with
  methods of tuning the wooden bars. Old methods
  consisted of arranging the bars on tied bundles
  of straw, and, as still practiced today, placing
  the bars adjacent to each other in a ladder-like
  layout.
• The earliest evidence of a xylophone is from the
  9th Century in southeast Asia according to the
  Vienna Symphonic Library, and there is a model of
  a similar hanging wood instrument, dated to ca.
  2000 BC in China.
• It is likely that the xylophone reached Europe
  during the Crusades
• By 1830, the xylophone had been popularized to
  some extent by a Russian virtuoso named Michael
  Josef Gusikov, who through extensive tours, made
  the instrument known.
• Gusikov was praised by noted musicians, including
  Felix Mendelssohn, Frederic Chopin, and Franz
  Liszt.

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Harp
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• A harp is a stringed instrument which has the
  plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to
  the soundboard.
• Harp can also be used as percussion instrument
• All harps have a neck, resonator and strings.
• Some, known as frame harps, also have a
  forepillar those lacking the forepillar are
  referred to as open harps.
• Depending on its size (which varies
  considerably), a harp may be played while held in
  the lap or while stood on the floor.
• A person who plays the harp is called a harpist
  or a harper.
• Various types of harps are found in Africa,
  Europe, North, and South America, and a few parts
  of Asia.

• Harp's origins may lie in the sound of a plucked
  hunter's bow string
• Harps were most likely independently invented in
  many parts of the world in remote prehistory
• The oldest depictions of harps without a
  forepillar are from 4000 BC in Egypt and 3000 BCE
  in Persia
• In antiquity harps and lyres were very prominent
  in nearly all musical cultures, but they lost
  popularity in the early 19th century with Western
  music composers, being thought of primarily as a
  woman's instrument after Marie Antoinette
  popularised it as an activity for women.
• The aeolian harp (wind harp), the autoharp, and
  all forms of the lyre and Kithara are not harps
  because their strings are not perpendicular to
  the soundboard they are related to pianos and
  harpsichords.
• Handel wrote a Harp Concerto in B flat and Mozart
  - Concerto for Flute and Harp

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Guitar
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• Guitar is a stringed instrument
• Guitars strings are plucked or strummed with the
  right hand while the fingers on the left hand
  press down one or more strings.
• Guitar typically has six strings (E, A, D, G, B,
  E), but four, seven, eight, ten, eleven, twelve,
  thirteen and eighteen string guitars also exist.
• Instruments similar to the guitar have been
  popular for at least 4,000 years.
• The modern form of the guitar was developed in
  Spain in late 1800s
• Until 20th c. it was mostly used in folk music
• Andres Segovia helped to establish the guitar as
  instrument for classical music
• Guitars are recognized as one of the primary
  instruments in flamenco, jazz, blues, country,
  mariachi, rock music, and many forms of pop.
• In classical music guitars are used as solo
• In classical music guitars usually have nylon
  strings in pop music steel strings.
• Guitars are made and repaired by luthiers.

• The guitar player (c. 1672), by Johannes Vermeer
• Guitars may be played acoustically, where the
  tone is produced by vibration of the strings and
  modulated by the hollow body, or they may rely on
  an amplifier that can electronically manipulate
  tone.
• Such electric guitars were introduced in the
  1930s and continue to have a profound influence
  on popular culture.

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Triangle
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• The triangle is an idiophone type of musical
  instrument in the percussion family.
• It is a bar of metal (usually steel), bent into a
  triangle shape with one of the angles is left
  open, with the ends of the bar not quite
  touching.
• Open end causes the instrument to be of
  indeterminate or not settled or decided pitch.
• Triangle is either suspended from one of the
  other corners by a piece of thin wire or gut,
  leaving it free to vibrate, or hooked over the
  hand.
• Triangle is usually struck with a metal beater,
  giving a high-pitched, ringing tone.
• Early instruments were often formed as isosceles
  triangles and had jingling rings
• In folk music, samba and rock music a triangle is
  more often hooked over the hand so that one side
  can be damped by the fingers to vary the tone.
  The pitch can also be modulated slightly by
  varying the area struck and by more subtle
  damping.
• In European classical music, the triangle has
  been used in the western classical orchestra
  since around the middle of the 18th century.
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn and Ludwig
  van Beethoven all used it

• Angelika Kauffmann L'Allegra, 1779
• The first piece to make the triangle really
  prominent was Franz Liszt's Piano Concerto No. 1,
  where it is used as a solo instrument
• A notable player of the triangle in popular
  culture is John Deacon of the rock group Queen.
  He would play the triangle in live performances
  of Killer Queen, hanging it from his microphone.

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Oboe
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• The oboe is a double reed musical instrument of
  the woodwind family.
• Oboe was developed in France in 17th century
• In English prior to 1770, the instrument was
  called "hautbois", "hoboy", or "French hoboy".
• The spelling "oboe" was adopted into English ca.
  1770 from the Italian oboè, a transliteration in
  that language's orthography of the 17th-century
  pronunciation of the French word hautbois, a
  compound word made of haut ("high, loud") and
  bois ("wood, woodwind").
• Oboe became popular as an orchestral instrument
  in Baroque Period (1600-1750, ornate musical
  style)
• A musician who plays the oboe is called an
  oboist.
• Oboe player blows across the double reed at the
  mouthpiece and presses the keys on the oboe body
  to change the sound
• The end of oboe is shaped like a bell, to give it
  a mellow sound
• There are three oboes in the modern symphony
  orchestra
• Standard orchestra contains an oboe with a lower
  range, an English Horn (cor anglais)

• Oboes range is slightly more then two octaves in
  the treble clef (notes that are above middle C).
• Careful manipulation of embouchure and air
  pressure allows the player to express a large
  range of timbre and dynamics.
• In comparison to other modern woodwind
  instruments, the oboe has a clear and penetrating
  voice.
• The voice is described in the play Angels in
  America as sounding like that of a duck if the
  duck were a songbird
• Oboe player has to learn to breath more slowly
  then normal, since little air is needed to play
  oboe

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Flute
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• The Flute is a woodwind musical instrument
• The flute is a transverse (or side-blown)
  woodwind instrument that is closed at the blown
  end.
• Flute is played by blowing a stream of air over
  the embouchure hole.
• The flute has 16 circular finger holes closed by
  keys, which can be used to produce high and low
  sounds depending on which finger holes are opened
  or closed as well as the direction and intensity
  of the air stream.

• The flute has been dated to prehistoric times
  there is a three-holed flute, 18.7cm long, made
  from a mammoth tusk (from the Geißenklösterle
  cave, near Ulm, in the southern German Swabian
  Alb and dated to 30,000 to 37,000 years ago)

• The pan flute was used in Greece from the 7th
  century BC, and spread to other parts of Europe.
• The recorder appeared in 14th century and was
  popular during the renaissance, but its use
  declined in the 18th century.
• The Swiss army used flutes for signaling, and
  this helped the flute spread to all of Europe
• In the baroque era, flutes become used in the
  scores of opera, ballet and chamber music Bach,
  Telemann, Blavet, Vivaldi and Handel used it
• Theobald Boehm is mainly responsible for making
  flutes very similar to flutes known today.

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Double bass
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• The double bass, (contrabass or upright bass) is
  the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string
  instrument in the modern symphony orchestra.
• Double bass is used in classical music, jazz,
  1950s-style blues and rock and roll,
  rockabilly/psychobilly, bluegrass, and tango.
• Double basses are constructed from several types
  of wood
• Double bass is either descendant of the viola da
  gamba or from the violin (15th century)
• The double bass is played either with a bow
  (arco) or by plucking the strings (Pizz).
• In orchestral repertoire and tango music, both
  bowing and plucking styles are used.

• In jazz music, the bass is mostly plucked,
• Before the 20th century many double basses had
  only three strings
• A person who plays it is called a bassist
• The earliest known concerto to exist for the
  double bass was written by Joseph Haydn ca.1763
• The double bass is the only modern bowed string
  instrument that is tuned in fourths (like viols),
  rather than fifths