Articles of Confederation Constitution Washington, Adams, Jefferson

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Articles of ConfederationConstitutionWashington,
Adams, Jefferson
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• Articles of Confederation and Constitution
• Articles of Confederation
• 1. first governing document, made during the
  war.
• people identified with state
• No one wanted to do their share.
• 3. Weaknesses
• a. no president
• b. unicameral legislature with each state
  having one vote. Power to larger states.
• c. no power to tax states expected to
  give.
• d. no power to settle states.
• e. boards of war, treasury.

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• 4. States did own thing
• a. own currencies (some foreign)
• b. did not send money or reps.
• Shays Rebellion
• 1. demonstrated weaknesses of Articles of
  Confederation.
• Daniel Shays lead debt-ridden farmers against
  Massachusetts legislature,
• Caved.
• Constitutional Convention MaySeptember 1787
• 1. Members
• a. planters, landowners, served in army
• b. most in favor of public interest
• c. not wealthy

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What are your Natural Rights?
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• 2. Virginia Plan
• a. drafted by James Madison basis of
  constitution.
• b. authority rests directly with the
  people.
• c. people delegate authority to national
  government.
• 3. Compromises
• Connecticut
• a. two houses in the legislature House of
  Representatives and Senate.
• b. House direct connection to the people.
  
• Senate to be more distant and
  deliberative.
• House popular elections, Senators
  chosen by state
• legislature.
• c. House based on population. Two
  Senators per state. Give smaller states more
  representation

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• Slavery or 3/5
• a. constitution would not have been
  ratified without it.
• b. did not condemn slavery.
• c. slaves counted as 3/5 of a person.
• Counted as voter to bolster southern
  population.
• d. words slave and slavery not
  mentioned.
• Presidency
• a. electoral college
• b. House breaks a tie
• c. veto
• d. broad executive powers

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• 4. Federalists
• a. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John
  Jay
• b. pamphlets known as Federalist papers
• c. argued for strong central government
• 5. Anti-federalists
• a. constitution created too big of a
  government
• b. did not propose an alternative
• c. small government did not work before
• d. did win the point that the constitution
  did not guarantee rights.
• 6. Constitution ratified with the promise of a
  Bill of Rights

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• 8. Bill of Rights
• a. Madison and Hamilton did not want a
  Bill of Rights. Individual rights already
  existed the Constitution is a Bill of Rights.
• b. If a government can tell you what your
  rights are, they can tell you what they arent.
• c. First amendment guaranteed religion and
  press
• Next seven are property rights
• 9ththose not enumerated.

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• George Washington
• Washington was elected unanimously by the
  electoral college. Only person suited for
  Presidency at that time.
• John Adams was elected VP
• Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State
• Alexander Hamilton was Secretary of Treasury
• First priority was national finance.
• Alexander Hamiltons plan contained three
  reports.
• Hamilton believed in a strong central government,
  and used his plans to increase the powers of the
  federal government.

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Washington

• Cherry tree thing didnt happen.
• Did not have wooden teeth.
• 63½
• Large hands and feet.
• Father died when he was 11.
• Became famous in the French and Indian War for
  running an errand on behalf of the governor of
  Virginia.
• Commander of Virginia regiment at age of 23.

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Washington

• Inherited Mt. Vernon from half-brother, Lawrence
• Married Martha Custis, a rich widow.
• Supposed affair with Sally Fairfax.
• Sterile
• Ability to avoid serious controversy.
• Renowned self-control.
• In fact, strong passions and emotions.

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Washington

• Pretty good businessmandidnt die in debt.
  Always worried about being ripped off.
• Criticized for not doing more about slavery.
• Died in 1799
• Doctors drained 5 pints of blood
• Prescribed laxatives

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Washington

• Larynx infectionsuffocated.
• Died December 14, 1799. 67
• Personally, not very religious.
• Reluctance to accumulate power ensured success of
  the Constitution and his country.

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• Hamiltons Reports
• 1. Report on Public Credit
• a. federal government assumed states debt.
• b. restore credit by paying debts in full.
• c. Capitol moved to Virginia
• 2. Report on a National Bank
• a. federal government needed a place to
  deposit money.
• b. 1/5 ownership. 2 million and 1/5 of
  directors.
• c. provided paper currency.
• d. private investors provided rest, which
  connected the
• bank to the economy.
• 3. Report on Manufactures
• a. protective tariffs
• b. protect American manufactures and raise
  revenue.

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• Emergence of Political Parties
• 1. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were
  opposed to these
• plans. Increased power of federal
  government too much
• 2. Democrat-Republicans and Federalists.
• 3. Federalistsrule by the right people. Man
  driven by self-
• interest.
• Democrat-RepublicansAmerican driven by the
  farmer,
• goodness of man, limited federal power.
• Key Point GWRevolution about control of power.
• T.J.Getting rid of it
• Development of North vs. South. Southerners
  believed the North was getting rich at their
  expensetariff.
• Whiskey Rebellion
• 1. first test of new government
• 2. result of Hamiltons tax on whiskey
• 3. angry farmers attacked tax collectors
• 4. Washington responded with forcegovt cant
  be victim of mob
• rule.

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• Jay Treatyget Britain to remove troops from U.S.
  border/frontier.
• No one willing to personally attack Washington,
  attacked underlings instead.

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• Successes of Washington
• 1. government and Presidency firmly established
• 2. two term tradition
• 3. U.S. avoided war and remained neutral (French
  Revolution)
• 4. didnt want more power than given. Wasnt
  Napolean
• Farewell Speech
• 1. Party divisiveness
• 2. Avoid entangling alliances
• a. temporary alliance for extraordinary
  emergencies
• b. independence, not isolation. Friendship
• 3. America is not a secular society governed by
  laws and morals.

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John Adams

• John Adams
• Had to follow George Washington, an impossible
  job. Washingtons V.P.
• Thomas Jefferson was V.P. but was hardly there.
• Maintained independence, which angered those in
  his party.
• Kept Washingtons cabinet, which schemed against
  him and were pawns of Hamiltons.
• First President to live in Washington D.C.

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• French Revolution and the Quasi War
• 1. French overthrew Louis XVI and beheaded him
• 2. French revolutionaries supported by
  Republicans
• 3. Jacobins and the Reign of Terror1793
• 14,000 killed
• 4. XYZ Affair French refused to see three U.S.
  envoys in 1798
• 5. Adams authorized expansion of the army and
  navy. Washington nominated as provisional armys
  commander-in-chief with Alexander Hamilton as
  second in command.
• 6. Envoys eventually seen and peace deal worked
  out.

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• Alien and Sedition Acts
• 1. uncertainty from French Revolution
• 2. Alienpresident could deport any alien
• 3. Seditioncould punish anyone who spoke
  against the
• governmentRepublicans who wanted to go to
  war with France
• 4. Adams didnt support, but didnt veto it.
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• 1. any state could nullify a law passed by
  Congress
• 2. Virginia said states could consider
  constitutionality of laws.

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• 1800 Election
• Adams attacked by Alexander Hamilton, also a
  Federalist. Also portrayed as pro-war and
  Jefferson pro-peace.
• Thomas Jefferson tied with Aaron Burr
• Enough Federalists switched to vote for Jefferson
  because they didnt like Burr.
• Crisis situation was avoided because the process
  was allowed to work. No one tried to take
  matters into their own hands.
• Hamilton 1) helped defeat his party 2) helped
  elect someone he didnt like.

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• The Duel
• Between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr.
• Hamilton attacked Burr during the 1804 election
  Burr was defeated for governor of New York by
  Hamiltons candidate.
• Burr sent an agent to a private dinner where
  Hamilton spoke the agent then wrote an article
  about Hamiltons comments, saying Hamilton made
  despicable comments about Burr.
• Letters were exchanged between seconds.
• Met on July 11, 1804 at Weehawken, just outside
  of New York City
• Hamilton shot through the gut, and was paralyzed
  from the waist down. Hamilton may have raised
  his pistol. He died on July 12, 1804 at 2pm from
  internal bleeding.
• Burr ostracized from American politics.

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• Thomas Jefferson
• 1. Entered office at a divisive and unstable
  period.
• 2. Jefferson preferred to do business privately
  rather than publicly aversion to confrontation.
• 3. Helped establish leadership structure in
  Congress majority leader, etc.
• 4. Skillfully ran the government
• 5. Personal traits allowed calm to be restored.
• 6. Wanted to pursue a moderate course. He said
  we are all Republicans, all Federalists in his
  inaugural address.

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Jefferson

• Born 1743
• College of William and Mary
• Wrote Declaration of Independence at 33 years of
  age.
• Lost his wife shortly thereafter.
• Home was Monticellolittle mountain.

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• Spendthrift, and died 100,000 in debt.
• Sold his 3,000 volume library became library of
  Congress
• Sally Hemmings
• Revelations revealed in 1802
• Hemmings had 5 children
• Peter Carr?
• Renewed friendship with Adam circa 1816.

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• Died on the same day as Adams
• July 4, 1826.
• 50th anniversary of Declaration of Independence
• Jefferson lives.

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• Louisiana Purchase
• 1. understood the importance of New Orleans and
  the Mississippi
• 2. worried about the French in North America
• 3. sent Robert Livingston and James Madison to
  negotiate bought it for 10 million
• 4. U.S. doubles in size
• 5. Federalists say Jefferson went beyond the
  constitution
• Marbury v. Madison
• 1. judicial review
• 2. Chief Justice John Marshall said that the
  judiciary can declare a law unconstitutional.

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• Embargo Act
• 1. Impressment
• 2. Embargo on all British goods, which hurt
  northern farmers, manufacturers, and laborers,
  who were Republicans.
• 3. Bad mistake that hurt Jeffersons reputation.