Medications for the Treatment of Infections

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Medications for the Treatment of Infections
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Antibiotic vs. Antibacterial

• Used interchangeably
• Origin of antibiotic includes any antimicrobial
  agent
• Antibacterial used to treat bacterial infection

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Classification of Antibacterial Drugs

• Chemical structure
• Mechanism of action
• Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
• Narrow spectrum
• Broad spectrum

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Antibacterial Agents

• Classification according to mechanism of action

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Antimicrobial Resistance

• Drug resistance

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Penicillins

• the first ?-lactam antibiotic
• Inhibits cell wall synthesis
• Bactericidal
• The spectrum of action
• Most of the Gram-positive bacteria and
  Gram-negative cocci
• Primary uses
• Urinary tract infection
• Respiratory tract infection
• Infections of heart
• syphilis

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Cephalosporins

• ?-lactam antibiotic
• Inhibits cell wall synthesis
• Bactericidal
• Both gram-positive and gram-negative activity
• Cephalosporins are classified in generations
• Primary uses
• Respiratory tract
• Urinary tract
• Bacteremia
• Skin and soft tissues

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Carbapenems

• ?-lactam antibiotic
• Inhibits cell wall synthesis
• Bactericidal
• Broad spectrum only
• Primary uses
• Skin
• Urinary tract
• Intra-abdominal
• Pelvic
• Pneumonia

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Tetracyclines

• Inhibits protein synthesis
• Bacteriostatic
• Broad spectrum
• Adverse effects
• Epigastric burning, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
  photosensitivity
• Primary use
• RMSF
• Cholera
• Lyme disease
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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Macrolides

• Inhibits protein synthesis
• Bacteriostatic
• Adverse effects
• Epigastric irritation, nausea, vomiting
• Primary use
• Respiratory tract
• Genital
• GI
• Skin and soft tissue

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Aminoglycosides

• Inhibits protein synthesis
• Gram (-) bacteria
• Urinary and respiratory tract infections
• Topical - skin, eyes, ears
• Narrow spectrum
• Adverse reactions
• Ototoxicity
• Nephrotoxicity

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Fluoroquinolones

• Inhibit DNA synthesis
• Bactericidal
• Broad spectrum
• Primary use
• Urinary tract
• Respiratory tract
• Prostate, GI
• Bones, joints, soft tissues
• Adverse reactions
• Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness

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Glycopeptides

• Inhibit cell wall synthesis
• Gram positive cocci
• Critically ill or hypersensitivity to the
  ß-lactams
• Last line of defense for cases of MRSA
• Vancomycin
• Side effects
• 'Red man syndrome
• Nephrotoxicity
• Neutropenia and deafness
• Oral and intravenous

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Topical Antibacterial Agents

• Use is mostly prophylactic
• Can treat some superficial wound infections
• Topicals typically contain mixture of
  antibacterial agents
• Trainers trick caring for turf burn

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Antifungals

• 2 types
• Oral used for subcutaneous and systemic mycoses
• Topical used for superficial mycoses
• Work by disrupting fungal membrane functions
• If using oral form to fight tenacious infection
  (under nail beds), may be advised to take prior
  to exercise
• Perspiration distributes medication
• Often effects areas of high moisture

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Antifungals

• Ointments work better than powders
• May be combined w/ a topical corticosteroid
• Types

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Role of Athletic Trainer

• Educate regarding infections
• Educate regarding compliance
• Monitor for allergies
• Monitor for common adverse reactions
• Monitor for effectiveness