Mechanical Behavior of Materials

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Mechanical Behavior of Materials
Marc A. Meyers Krishan K. Chawla Cambridge
University Press
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Chapter 1Materials, Structure, Properties, and
Performance
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Thomass Iterative Tetrahedron
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Properties of Main Classes of Materials
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Biomaterials Dental Implants in the Jawbone
Steps required for insertion of implant into
mandible. (Courtesy of J. Mahooti.)
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Biomaterials Typical Hip and Knee Prostheses
Total hip replacement prosthesis
Total knee replacement prosthesis.
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Composites Schematic representations of
different classes
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Composites Different Types of Reinforcement
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Specific Modulus and Strength of Some Materials
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Hierarchical Structure Biological and Synthetic
Materials
Tendon
Advanced Synthetic Composite
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Crystal Structures 7 Crystal Systems, 14
Bravais lattices
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Directions in Cubic Unit Cell
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Miller Indices for Planes in Cubic Cell
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Direction and Planes Miller Indices
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Hexagonal Structure
Three to four index conversion
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Three Most Common Crystal Structures
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(001) Plane in Molybdenum
Atomic Resolution Transmission Electron
Microscopy Courtesy R. Gronsky
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FCC and HCP Structures Stacking of Closest
Packed Planes

• Layer of most closely packed atoms corresponding
  to (111) in FCC and (00.1) in HCP.
• (b) Packing sequence of most densely packed
  planes in AB and AC sequence.
• (c) Ball model showing the ABAB sequence of the
  HCP structure.
• (d) Ball model showing the ABCABC sequence of the
  FCC structure.

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Different Structures of Ceramics
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Ordered Structure Intermetallic Compound
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Important Intermetallic Compounds
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Structure of Glasses
Ordered crystalline of silica
Random-network of glassy
silica
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Structure of Glasses
(c)
Atomic arrangements in crystalline and glassy
metals
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Glasses and Crystals Specific Volume
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Classification of Polymers

• Homopolymer one type of repeating unit.
• (b) Random copolymer two monomers, A and B,
  distributed randomly.
• (c) Block copolymer a sequence of monomer A,
  followed by a sequence of monomer B.
• (d) Graft copolymer Monomer A forms the main
  chain, while monomer B forms the branched chains.

Different types of molecular chain configurations.
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Tacticity in Polypropylene
Tacticity Order of placement of side groups.
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Crystallinity of Polymers
A lamellar crystal showing growth spirals
around screw dislocations. TEM. (Courtesy of
H.D. Keith.)
Spherulitic structures a.Spherulitic structure
b. Each spherulite consists of radially
arranged, narrow crystalline lamellae. c. Each
lamella has tightly packed polymer chains folding
back and forth
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Polymer Chain Configuration
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Molecular Weight Distribution in Polymers
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Liquid Crystals
Different types of order in the liquid
crystalline state
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Stress-Strain Curves for Biological Materials
Human femur bone (After F. G. Evans,
Artificial Limbs, 13 (1969) 37.)
Urether (After F.
C. P. Yin and Y. C. Fung, Am. J. Physiol. 221
(1971), 1484.)
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Crack Propagation in an Abalone Shell
Cross section of abalone shell showing how a
crack, starting at left, is deflected by
viscoplastic layer between calcium carbonate
lamellae (mesoscale).
Arrangement of calcium carbonate in nacre,
forming a miniaturebrick and mortar structure
(microscale).
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Porous and Cellular Materials

• Compressive stressstrain curves for foams.
• Polyethylene with different initial densities.
• Mullite with relative density 0.08.
• Schematic of a sandwich structure.

• L. J. Gibson and M. F. Ashby, Cellular Solids
  Structure and Properties (Oxford, U.K. Pergamon
  Press, 1988), pp. 124, 125.)

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Biological Material Toucan Beak

• Toucan beak
• External shell made of keratin scales

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Foams Synthetic and Natural
Synthetic aluminum foam Foam found in
the inside of toucan beak Courtesy of M. S.
Schneider and K. S. Vecchio.
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Biological Minerals Atomic Structure
Atomic structure of hydroxyapatite small white
atoms (P), large gray atoms (O), black atoms
(Ca). Atomic structure of aragonite
large dark atoms (Ca), small gray atoms (C),
large white atoms (O). Courtesy K. S. Vecchio
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Amino Acids
Missing eqn
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Polypeptide Chains Alpha Helix and Beta Sheet
Structures
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Collagen
Triple helix
structure of collagen Adapted from Y. C. Fung,
Biomechanics Mechanical Properties of Living
Tissues (Berlin Springer, 1993).
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Collagen Hierarchical Structure
Hierarchical organization of collagen, starting
with triple helix, and going to fibrils.
(From H. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell
Biology, 4th ed. (New York, W.H. Freeman
Company, 1999).)
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Mechanical Properties of a Collagen Fiber
Stressstrain curve of collagen with three
characteristic stages.
Idealized configuration of a wavy collagen fiber.
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MusclesActin
Molecular structure of actin.
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Muscles Myosin
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Muscles Movement of Actin and Myosin Filaments
Action of cross-bridges when actin filament is
moved to left with respect to myosin filament
notice how cross-bridges detach themselves, then
reattach themselves to actin.
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Muscle Structure Sarcomere Units
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Muscle Structure Myofibril
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Muscle Hierarchical Structure from Fibrils to
Fibers
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Biological Material Sponge Spicule
SEM of fractured sponge spicule showing
two-dimensional onion-skin structure of
concentric layers. (Courtesy of G. Mayer and M.
Sarikaya.)
Stress-deflection responses of synthetic silica
rod and sponge spicule in flexuretesting.
(Courtesy of M. Sarikaya and G. Mayer.)
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Active (Smart) MaterialsFerroelectricity

• Effect of applied field E on dimension of
  ferroelectric material.
• (b) Linear relationship between strain and
  electric field.

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Electronic Materials
Cross section of a complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS). (Adapted from W. D. Nix,
Met. Trans., 20A (1989) 2217.)
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Nanomaterials Carbon Nanotubes

• Three configurations for single wall carbon
  nanotubes
• arm chair
• zig-zag
• chiral.
• (Adapted from M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus
  and R. Saito, Carbon, 33 (1995) 883.)

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Nanomaterials Carbon Nanotubes
Array of parallel carbon nanotubes grown as a
forest. (From R. H. Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov and
W. A. de Heer, Science, 297 (2002) 787.)
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Strength of Copper Whisker
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Strength of Whiskers
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Tensile Strength of Whiskers at R. T.
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Turbine Blade Subjected to Centripetal Forces