Chapter 3 Opener: Sanderling growth

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Chapter 3 Opener Sanderling growth behavioral
development depend on genes environment
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Interactive Theory of Development genotype and
phenotype interactions

• Microarray method detects relative levels of
  activity due to mRNA (genes turned on).
• Different proteins and levels of mRNA in 2 types
  of bees (worker nurse)
• Nurses turn into to foragers when?
• Both worker and nurses have different activities
  that vary with age.

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3.1 Development of worker behavior in honey bees

• Types of behavior
• Worker bee
• Nurse bees

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3.2 Gene activity varies in the brains of nurse
bees and foragers
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• Young nurse has different brain than old worker
• Same genes in fruit flies
• What genes vary the most (from chart?)
• How does this data support theories of gene
  development and brain development in nurse vs
  worker bees? (How do we know their brains are
  different?)

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3.3 Social environment and task specialization
by worker honey bees
Young bees do not forage if older bees are
added. Young bees turn into foragers if few older
bees.
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3.4 Levels of the messenger RNA produced when
the for gene is expressed
Environmental signals (juvenile hormone ethyl
oleate influence gene activity which varies
dependent on composition of each hive.
For gene must be present
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3.7 Spatial learning by chickadees
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Black Capped Chickadee study shows gene dependent
development

• Birds spent significantly more time at sites
  where they had buried seeds.
• Seeds removed
• Birds dont smell well
• Must remember placing seeds in storage.
• Gene based memory of cache, not learned from the
  environment.

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3.8 A Clarks nutcracker holding a seed in its
bill that the bird is about to cache underground
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Alaska Chickadees vary regionally in expression
of gene

• What environmental conditions are different in
  alaska colorado?
• How does this translate into different behaviors?
• I.e. why would birds in Alaska store more food
  and remember where they put it better than birds
  that live in Colorado?

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3.9 Differences within a species in learned
behavior
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What is kin recognition? Why is it important?
What factors contribute to the development of kin
recognition?

• Advantages of kin recognition?
• Associate with related individuals
• Share labor (bees, wasps)
• Warn each other (warning calls ground
  squirrels)
• Group defense (bird colonies)
• Protect young
• Disadvantages?
• Inbreeding
• competition

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3.10 Nests of Polistes paper wasps contain odors
that adhere to the bodies of the wasps
Odor cues protect, recognize nest mates.
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3.11 Kin discrimination in Beldings ground
squirrels
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3.12 Evidence for the ability of Beldings
ground squirrels to learn their own odor
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3.13 Different wintering sites of blackcap
warblers
Genetic control of behavior - Blackcap warblers
migration routes.
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3.14 Funnel cage for recording the migratory
orientation of captive birds
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3.19 Genetic differences cause behavioral
differences in fruit fly larvae (Part 1)
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3.19 Genetic differences cause behavioral
differences in fruit fly larvae (Part 2)
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3.16 Why do people differ in their test scores?
(Part 1)
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What would you expect for differences between
twins, adopted and unrelated individuals?

• Genes Environment
• Twins 100 ?
• Siblings 50 100 or is it?
• Adopted 0 100

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3.24 Response to artificial selection on
nest-building behavior by mice
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Results of nest building experiment

• Type of selection start finish
• Select for increased 15-20 over 45g
• Select for low 15-20 10-15g
• Control 15-20 15-25

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3.27 Surrogate mothers used in social
deprivation experiments
Deprived monkeys choose comfort over food
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3.28 Socially isolated rhesus infants
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3.32 Developmental switch mechanisms can produce
polyphenisms within the same species
d) Ants e) cichlid/bluegill f) aphids
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3.33 Tiger salamanders occur in two forms
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3.26 Dogs are especially sensitive to signals
from human beings
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3.41 Operant conditioning exhibited by a rat in
a Skinner box
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3.43 Biases in taste aversion learning
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3.44 Vampire bats cannot form learned taste
aversions
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3.35 Male thynnine wasps can be deceived into
mating with a flower
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3.36 Male thynnine wasps can learn to avoid
being deceived by an orchid
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3.20 A coastal Californian garter snake about to
consume a banana slug
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3.21 Response of newborn, naive garter snakes to
slug cubes
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3.22 A tongue-flicking newborn garter snake
senses odors from a cotton swab