SULTANATE OF OMAN

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SULTANATE OF OMAN

• Area
• The Sultanate of Oman covers a total area of
  309500 sq.km. Mountains and rocky valley cover
  about 45000 sq.km.,About 9000 km. Are the coastal
  plains while wadis and desert account for the
  rest 255500 sq.km.
• Climate
• Climate in Oman is hot and humid in the coastal
  areas in summer while it is hot and dry in the
  interior.

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• Population
• Population in Oman in 2001 were 2458809 .out of
  them 629571 expatriates .most of them are from
  India,Pakistan and Bangladesh.
  
• The ratio of Expatriates to the total population
  is higher in Muscat ,Dhofar ,Dhahira .Musandam
  ,and Al Wusta Respectively.
  
• Administratively Oman is divided into 7 regions
  and 3 governorates with 59 Wilayats.
  

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• Malaria in Oman
• Malaria in Oman belong to the oriental type, Hot
  and humid climate with the availability of
  breeding places for anopheles create a high
  transmission potential for P.falciparum and less
  frequently P.vivax.
• From 1970 to 1989 several programmes for malaria
  control were implemented however ,the prevalence
  of malaria remained very high under different
  policies.

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• Malaria cases reported by MALARIA CONTROL UNITS (
  PCD),1976 -1987.
  
• Malaria cases reported by GENERAL BLOOD SURVEYS
  (ACD)1978-1989.
  
• Malaria cases reported by Hospitals and H/Cs
  (PCD)1982 - 1989.
  
• Malaria cases reported by AIRPORT SCREENING OF
  AFRICA ARRIVALLS 1986 - 1989.
  
• Number of HOSPITALIZED CASES ,THEIR COST 1987 -
  1989.

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1990

• The year 1990 was a turn point , Situation
  became very serious in all regions .
  
• Total cases reported ( ALL SOURCES )in 1990.
• Malaria cases reported as (PCD),Region wise
  1990.
  
• Malaria cases reported as (PCD),Month wise 1990.

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• During the period 1991-1998
• Indigenous malaria cases decreased remarkably
• Cases reported by GOVERNMENTAL HOSPITALS AND H/Cs
  (PCD),1991 1998 .
  
• Cases reported by AIRPORT 1991-1998 .
• Cases reported by SCHOOL SURVEY 1991-2001.
• Blood Slides Examined And SPR 1988 - 2001 .
• Total Cases Reported And P.falciparum 1988 -
  2001
  
• Number of Hospitalized malaria cases and their
  COST 1991-2001.
  
• Imported and INDIGENOUS CASES 1994-1998.
• Number of cases reported by PRIVATE CLINICS
  1998-2001.
  

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• API / 1000 population 1988 2001.
• ABER 1988 2001.
• During the period 1999 - 2001
• Malaria cases reported in OMAN by country of
  acquisition 1999, 2000, 2001.
  
• Total Malaria Cases 1999 - 2000 - 2001 Region
  wise.
  
• Number of Malaria Cases , No.of P.f. cases by
  Interval(days), between date of Arrival in OMAN
  and Date of Diagnosis 2001.
  
• Malaria cases reported by (All sources )
  2000-2001.
  

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Specific Malaria Intervention Implemented In 2001

• Diagnosis
• In 2001,MEP examined practically 466
  lab.technicians in all regions. A total of 68
  tech.failed (got less than 60), 58 of them
  attended a refresher course from 5/2/2002 to
  7/3/2002.Out of the 58 attendances 53 succeeded
  , the 10 tech.who have not attended and the 5
  failed will be retrained in 2002.
• All Africa arrivals are screened at Al Seeb
  airport using ICT test.
  

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• Treatment
• Our drug Policy has been implemented successfully
  during 2001. All P.vivax,P ovale and P.malariae
  cases have responded to 1st.line antimalarial
  drugs , All P.falciparum cases imported from
  Africa have been treated with 2nd.line , no
  cases received 3rd.line in 2001.
• P.falciparum cases imported from Indian
  subcontinent showed degrees of Chloroquine
  resistance
  
• Admitted cases are All P.falciparum , All Omani
  patients , Expatriates with bad general condition
  , and Expatriates with other abnormalities.
  
• One pregnant malaria case was reported in Muscat
  (P.malariae).responded to Chloroquine therapy.
  

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• Epidemic preparedness
• 10 sources of malaria cases detection (Ep III) .
• Immediate case notification (Phone - Fax.)
• Epidemiological case study to each and every
  case.
  
• All Daraks (including suspended),are investigated
  regularly.
  
• Regular field visits by DEHME teams.
• Emergency teams and equipment are available in
  all units,They can be mobilized within 24 hours.
  

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• Intersectoral Collaboration
• Municipalities Mechanical control ,Fogging
  etc.
  
• Private Clinics Cases detection
• Police persons enter Oman illegally (13 out
  of 73 cases in 2002 till 23/3). Airport
  screening.
  
• Walis offices,Omani ladies societies, Ministry of
  Education H.education.
  

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Challenges

• Malaria cases imported from Africa.
• Malaria cases among laborer forces .
• Malaria cases among illegally enter people.
• Loss of acquired immunity of Omani people.

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Thank You very Much
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Dr. Salim Said Al-WahaibiMD,DFE,MPHDirector of
Environmental Health Malaria Eradication
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