IS 350 International Information Systems

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IS 350International Information Systems

• Winston Tellis

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Nicaragua
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Background

• 16th Century Spain invaded Pacific Coast
• 1821 Independence from Spain
• 1838 Declared a Republic
• 19th Century Britain invades Caribbean Coast
• 1978 violent opposition to corrupt ruling class
• Somoza family
• 1979 Sandinistas in power
• 1980s US funds Contras in El Salvador to attack

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Background

• 1990 Sandinistas election defeat (Chamorro)
• Sandinistas defeated in 1996 and 2001
• 2006 Ortega (former guerrilla) elected President
• Hurricanes and corruption slow development

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Some Facts

• Hazards earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes
• Environment deforestation, soil erosion, water
  pollution
  
• Largest country in Central America (CA)
• Largest freshwater lake in CA

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People

• Population 5,675,356 (July 2007 est.)
• Age median 21.3
• Infant mortality 27.14 deaths/1,000 live births

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People

• Ethnic groups mestizo (Amerindian and white)
  69, white 17, black 9, Amerindian 5
  
• Religions Catholic 72.9, Evangelical 15.1,
  none 8.5
  
• Literacy age 15 can read, write 67.5
• Suffrage 16 years of age universal
• unicameral National Assembly 90 seats 5yr term

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Flag
Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top),
white, and blue with the national coat of arms
centered in the white band the coat of arms
features a triangle encircled by the words
REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA
CENTRAL on the bottom 5 volcanoes are 5 original
countries in CA
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Economy

• Wide underemployment 3rd lowest in hemisphere
• Seriously unequal income distribution
• GDP too low to meet countrys needs
• Hence reliance on international assistance
• 2004 4.5 billion in foreign debt reduction
  under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
  
  
• 2006 800 million debt relief from the
  Inter-American Development Bank
  
• 2005 Nicaragua ratified (CAFTA)
• Energy shortages, serious bottleneck to growth.

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Economy

• GDP real growth rate 3.7
• GDP per capita 3,100
• agriculture 17.2 industry 25.9 services
  56.9
  
• Occupation agriculture 29 industry 19
  services 52
  
• Unemployment 3.8 undremplomnt of 46.5
• Population below Poverty line 48
• Gini Index 43 (measure unequal income distr)

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Economy

• Budget revenues 996.7 million expenditures
  1.211 billion
  
• Agriculture coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton,
  rice, corn, tobacco, sesame, soya, beans beef
  
• Industries food processing, textiles, clothing,
  beverages, footwear
  
• Exports coffee, beef, shrimp and lobster,
  tobacco, sugar, peanuts
  
• Currency Gold Cordoba
• Rate per US dollar - 17.582 c

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China
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Background

• Leading civilization for centuries
• 19th, 20th centuries civil unrest
• After WW II, Mao led autocratic socialist system
• Sovereign state
• Strict controls over lives
• 10s of millions lives lost
• 1978 Deng created market economy
• 2000 output doubled
• Strict controls remain/some personal choice
• Living standards improved for some

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Facts

• Hazards typhoons, floods, earthquakes, droughts
• Environment air pollution from reliance on coal
  produces acid rain water shortages, water
  pollution from untreated wastes deforestation
  soil erosion desertification
• world's fourth largest country (after Russia,
  Canada, and US

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People

• Population 1,321,851,888
• Age 33.2
• Infant Mortality 22.12 deaths/1,000 live births

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People

• Ethnic groups Han Chinese 91.9
• Religions Daoist, Buddhist, Christian 3-4,
  Muslim 1-2 Note officially atheist
  
• Languages Mandarin, Cantonese
• Literacy total population 90.9
• Government Communist State
• 23 Provinces, 5 autonomous regions (considers
  Taiwan 23rd province)
  
• 10-20,000 trafficking victims, mostly women too
  few - one child policy

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Government

• Independence 221 BC from Qin dynasty
• 1912 from Manchu Dynasty
• 1949 became a Republic
• Legal System based on Soviet civil system
• Suffrage 18 years of age universal
• Legislative branch unicameral National People's
  Congress elections last held December 2002
  

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Flag
Red with a large yellow five-pointed star and
four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged
in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag)
in the upper hoist-side corner
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Economy

• Converted from central planned system to
  market-oriented economy in last 25 years
  
• Stock market, private investment, foreign trade
• 10 fold increase in GDP since 1978
• 2nd largest economy after US
• Per capita income still low 130 million below
  poverty level
  
• Coastal area more developed than interior

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Economy

• The government has struggled to
• (a) sustain adequate job growth for tens of
  millions of workers laid off from state-owned
  enterprises, migrants, and new entrants to the
  work force
• (b) reduce corruption and other economic crimes
  and
  
• (c) contain environmental damage and social
  strife related to the economy's rapid
  transformation
  
• 100-150 million adrift in low paying jobs
• One demographic consequence of the "one child"
  policy is that China is now one of the most
  rapidly aging countries in the world.

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Economy

• Long-term environmental threat
• air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall
  of the water table
  
• More than 100 million Internet users (2005)
• Large foreign investment
• 180 billion current account surplus
• 2006-2010 11th Five Year Plan
• 45 increase in GDP
• 20 reduction in energy use

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Economy

• GDP Per capita PPP 7800 2006
• Labor force 795.3 million
• Occupation agriculture 45 industry 24
  services 31
  
• 10 population below poverty line
• Gini Index 46.9
• Budget revenues 482.2 billion expenditures
  515.8 billion

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Economy

• Agricultural products rice, wheat, corn,
  peanuts, tea, cotton, pork fish
  
• Industries mining, iron, steel, coal machine
  building armaments textiles and apparel
  petroleum cement chemicals fertilizers
  consumer products, including footwear, toys, and
  electronics food processing transportation
  equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and
  locomotives, ships, and aircraft
  telecommunications equipment, commercial space
  launch vehicles, satellites

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Economy

• Exports 969.7 billion
• Imports 751.9 billion
• Export partners US 21, Hong Kong 16, Japan
  9.5, South Korea 4.6, Germany 4.2
  
• Import partners Japan 14.6, South Korea 11.3,
  Taiwan 10.9, US 7.5, Germany 4.8
  
• Exchange rate yuan per US dollar - 7.97 (2006)
• Illicit drugs major transshipment point for
  heroin
  
• growing domestic drug abuse problem

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India
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Background

• 1500 BC classic Indian culture from Aryans and
  Dravidians
  
• 4th to 6th centuries A.D. Indian science, art,
  and culture
  
• 19th century, Britain had political control of
  virtually all Indian lands
  
• 1947 Gandhi and Nehru used nonviolence to oust
  British
  
• 1971 3rd Indo-Pak war created Bangladesh out of E
  Pakistan

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Background

• impressive gains in economic investment and
  output
  
• India faces pressing problems - significant
  overpopulation,
  
• environmental degradation,
• extensive poverty, and
• ethnic and religious strife.

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Background

• Hazards droughts, floods, earthquakes
• Environment deforestation soil erosion
  overgrazing desertification air pollution,
  water pollution, tap water is not potable
  

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People

• Population 1,129,866,154

• Age 24.8
• Infant Mortality 34.61 deaths/1,000 live births

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India
Population 1,129,866,154
Population 1,321,851,888
China
Nicaragua
Population 5,675,356
USA
Population 301,139,947
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People

• Ethnic groups Indo-Aryan 72, Dravidian 25
• Religions Hindu 80.5, Muslim 13.4, Christian
  2.3, Sikh 1.9
  
• Languages Hindi is the national language (30)
  there are 14 other official languages Bengali,
  Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati,
  Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese,
  Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit
• Literacy total population 61

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Government

• Divisions 28 states and 7 union territories
• Legal system based on English common law
• Suffrage 18 years of age universal
• Legislature bicameral Parliament

three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued
orange) (top), white, and green with a blue
chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white
band similar to the flag of Niger, which has a
small orange disk centered in the white band
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Economics

• 3/5 of the work force is in agriculture
• government reduced controls on foreign trade and
  investment
  
• average growth rate of more than 7 since 1996,
  reducing poverty by about 10
  
• 8.5 GDP growth in 2006
• capitalizing on well-educated people skilled in
  the English language to become a major exporter
  of software services and software workers
  
• huge and growing population is the fundamental
  social, economic, and environmental problem

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Economics

• GDP Per capita 3,800
• GDP by sector agriculture 17.5 industry
  27.9 services 54.6
  
• Labor force 506.9 million
• By Occupation agriculture 60 industry 12
  services 28
  
• Unemployment 7.8
• Below poverty line 25
• Gini Index 36.8

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Economics

• Budget revenues 97.16 billion expenditures
  128.7 billion
  
• Agriculture rice, wheat, cotton, jute, tea,
  sugarcane, sheep, goats, poultry, fish
  
• Industry textiles, chemicals, food processing,
  steel, transportation equipment, mining,
  machinery, software
  
• Exports 123.2 billion (textile goods, gems and
  jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals, leather)
  
• Partners US 17, UAE 8.3, China 7.8, UK 4.3
• Import Partners China 8.7, US 6, Germany 4.6,
  Singapore 4.6, Australia 4

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General

• India is a source, destination, and transit
  country for men, women, and children trafficked
  for forced labor and commercial sexual
  exploitation
• millions in debt bondage face involuntary
  servitude in brick kilns, rice mills, and
  embroidery factories including children
  
• Destination for Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan,
  Pakistan refugees, and trafficked
  
• India on the Tier 2 Watch List since 2004 for its
  failure to show evidence of increasing efforts to
  address trafficking in persons