New Zealand

1
New Zealand ItsEndangered Species

• Meredith Maxey
• Global Studies Presentation
• November 9, 2005

2

http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/001Native-Animals/Powelliphanta-Land-Sna
il.asp
http//www.agriquality.co.nz/resources/images/poss
um.jpg

An Endangered Species
3
Questions

• Briefly describe New Zealands Threat
  Classification System.
  
• Name seven of the fourteen sections of threatened
  New Zealand species.
  
• Discuss the Threatened Species Trust Program.
• Discuss the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy.
• Discuss Powelliphanta as New Zealand endangered
  species (reason for endangerment, conservation
  efforts, etc).

4
New Zealands Threat Classification System
In a nutshell
Molloy et al.
5
NZs Threat Classification System Contd

• 1 Nationally Critical
• 2 Nationally Endangered
• 3 Nationally Vulnerable
• 4 Serious Decline
• 5 Gradual Decline
• 6 Sparse
• 7 Range Restricted
• 8 Data Deficient
• extinct

6
1 - Nationally Critical

• Very Small Population
• 250 mature individuals
• OR
• Very High Predicted Decline
• 80 decline --10 years

http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/001Native-Animals/Herpetofauna/008Photo
-Stage-identifying-individual-Archey-frog.asp
http//www.doc.govt.nz/images/fairy-tern.jpg
7
2 - Nationally Endangered

• Small Population
• 250 - 1000 mature individuals
• 5 Sub-populations (300 max or 0.1km2)
• AND
• Moderate to High Recent or Predicted Decline
• 30 decline -- last 100 years
• 30 decline -- 10 years

http//www.doc.govt.nz/images/Marine-Mammals/South
ern-Right-Whale-info.jpg
8
2 - Nationally Endangered

• Small to Moderate Population
• 1000 - 5000 mature individuals
• 15 Sub-populations (500 max or 0.1-1km2)
• AND
• High Recent or Predicted Decline
• 60 decline -- last 100 years
• 60 decline -- 10 years

http//www.sanctuary.org.nz/restoration/forest/ima
ges/bat.jpg
9
3 - Nationally Vulnerable

• Small to Moderate Population
• 1000 - 5000 mature individuals
• 15 Sub-populations (500 max or 0.1-1km2)
• AND
• Moderate Recent or Predicted Decline
• 30-60 decline -- last 100 years
• 30-60 decline -- 10 years

Hectors Caspian
http//wdfw.wa.gov/factshts/graphics/terns.jpg
http//www.otago.ac.nz/news/news/2001/17-08-01-dol
phin.jpg
10
4 - Serious Decline

• Moderate to Large Population
• 5000 mature individuals
• 15 Sub-populations (500 max or 1km2)
• AND
• Moderate to Large Predicted Decline
• 30 decline -- 10 years

http//www.niwa.co.nz/rc/freshwater/fishatlas/imag
es/dwarfinanga.jpg
11
4 - Serious Decline

• Small to Moderate Population
• 15 Sub-populations (500 max or 1km2)
• AND
• Moderate to Large Predicted Decline
• 5-30 decline -- 10 years

Madrepora oculata
http//www.niwa.co.nz/pubs/wa/11-2/images/ageing2_
large.jpg
12
5 - Gradual Decline

• Moderate to Large Population
• 5000 mature individuals
• 15 Sub-populations (500 max or 1km2)
• AND
• Small to Moderate Decline
• 5-30 decline -- 10 years

Antarctic
http//www.avesphoto.com/website/pictures/PRIANT-1
.jpg
http//www.nzfreshwater.org/pictures/blackmudfish.
jpg
13
6 - Sparse

• Populations
• Very Small
• Widely Scattered

http//www.md.ucl.ac.be/peca/test/Little20Black2
0Shag.jpg
14
7 - Range Restricted

• Restricted
• Small, Particular Habitat
• Specific Substrates
• 10 subpopulations

http//www.tikitouring.co.nz/images/fron-sealion-p
up.jpg
15
8 - Data Deficient Extinct
Extinct

• Known Threatened
• Unknown --
• 9 Extinct

http//www.chartingnature.com/img5CFW5CGrayling.
jpg
Data Deficient
http//www.mcss.sc/dolphins_whales_a/images/grays_
lga.jpg
16
Sections of Threatened Species

• Bats
• Birds
• Bryophytes
• Freshwater Fish
• Freshwater Invertebrates
• Frogs
• Fungus
• Macroalgae
• Marine Fish
• Marine Invertebrates
• Marine Mammals
• Reptiles
• Terrestrial Invertebrates
• Vascular Plants

17
The Construction of the Graphs!
18
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/006Threatened-species/Bat.asp
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/001Native-Animals/Kiwi/index.asp
19
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/006Threatened-species/Bryophyte-(moss).a
sp
http//www.doc.govt.nz/images/national/fish-Giant-
kokopu.jpg
20
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/006Threatened-species/Freshwater-inverte
brate.asp
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/001Native-Animals/Pepeketua-Native-Frogs
.asp
21
http//www.hiddenforest.co.nz/fungi/family/rusulac
eae/images/rusul08.jpg
Gelidium allanii
http//www.niwa.co.nz/ncabb/abb/2003-06/images/saf
ari1_large.jpg
22
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sharks/world/images/p
errine004.jpeg
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/001Native-Animals/Wheke-(Octopus).asp
23
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/006Threatened-species/Marine-mammal.asp
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/006Threatened-species/Reptile.asp
24
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/001Native-Animals/Invertebrates/Robust-G
rasshopper20.asp
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/002Native-Plants/Pittosporum-patulum.asp
25
Now What?

• Conservation Efforts
• Threatened Species Trust Program
• New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy
• Conservation Requirement Booklets
• Recovery Plans

26
Native Species Management

• Main Threats
• Habitat Loss
• Pests
• Landscape Changes
• Priority
• 98 Category A
• 214 Category B
• 91 Category C
• Manage
• Habitats
• Predators
• Research

27
Threatened Species Trust Program1990

• Involvement
• DoC, Royal Forest Bird Protection Society,
• NZ Conservation Authority, Corporate Sponsors
• Purpose
• Gain Financial Sponsorships
• How
• 1 Species 1 Committee (3-4x)
• Current
• Kakapo Takahe Recovery Programs
• Comalco Flight Centre New Zealand

28
New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy2000

• Involved
• 7 Government Ministries
• Private, Public, Groups, Individuals,
  Volunteers!
  
• Funded Programs
• 20
• Kiwi Sanctuaries
• Animal Pests
• Achievements
• Oruanui Wetland Restoration
• Pauatahanui Inlet Protection

29
Requirement Booklets Recovery Plans

• Management Plans
• Country Sections
• Booklets for Sections
• of Threatened Species
• Invertebrates
• Plans for Individual Species
• Powelliphanta

http//www.doc.govt.nz/regional-info/index.asp
30
Speaking of Powelliphanta

• 21 species
• 51 Subspecies
• Up to 90mm
• Fist-size
• Carnivorous
• Earthworms Slugs
• Life Span
• 20 years

Location
http//www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001Plants-and
-Animals/001Native-Animals/Powelliphanta-Land-Sna
il.asp
31
Benefits

• Invertebrate Equivalent to Kiwi, Moa and
  Kakapo!
  
• Current Location
• Evidence of Changes in Land
• Recycle Vegetative Material
• Fertilize Forests
• Mineral/Salt Incorporation

32
Endangerment

• Hunted
• Shells
• Habitat Loss
• Native Bush Patches
• Predation
• Possums!
• Pigs and Rats
• 40 species/subspecies
• Threat Categorized

33
Conservation

• Legally Protected
• Possum Control
• Weed Control
• Wetland Restoration
• 2 Main Publications
• Recovery plans for Powelliphanta land snails
  2003-2013
  
• The conservation requirements of New Zealands
  threatened invertebrates
  

34
Questions Revisited

• Briefly describe New Zealands Threat
  Classification System. See Slide 4
  
• Name seven of the fourteen sections of threatened
  New Zealand species.
  
• Bats, Birds, Bryophytes, Freshwater Fish,
  Freshwater Invertebrates, Frogs, Fungus,
  Macroalgae, Marine Fish, Marine Invertebrates,
  Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Terrestrial
  Invertebrates, Vascular Plants
• Discuss the Threatened Species Trust Program.
• Slide 27

35
Questions Revisited Contd

• Discuss the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy.
• See Slide 28
• Discuss Powelliphanta as New Zealand endangered
  species (reason for endangerment, conservation
  efforts, etc).
  
• See Slides 30-33

36
References

• McGuinness CA. 2001. The conservation
  requirements of New Zealands threatened
  invertebrates. Department of Conservation.
  
• Meads, M. 1990. Forgotten fauna the rare,
  endangered, and protected invertebrates of New
  Zealand. Wellington DSIR Publishing. 94 p.
  
• Molloy J, Bell B, Clout M, de Lange P, Gibbs G,
  Given D, Norton D, Smith N, Stephens T. 2002.
  Classifying species according to threat of
  extinction a system for New Zealand. Threatened
  Species Occasional Publication 22 1-26.
• Walker KL. 2003. Recovery plans for Powelliphanta
  land snails 2003-2013 threatened species
  recovery plan. Department of Conservation.

Wonderful Websites
http//www.biodiversity.govt.nz/
http//www.doc.govt.nz/index.html
All other websites listed under pictures
   
37
Further Reading

• Ectoparasite and hemoparasite infection in a
  diverse temperate lizard assemblage at Macraes
  Flat, South Island, New Zealand. Reardon, James
  T. Norbury, Grant. Journal of Parasitology
  90(6)2004. p.1274-1278
• Cost effectiveness of endangered species
  management the kokako (Callaeas cinerea) in New
  Zealand. Fairburn, Geoff A. Hughey, Kenneth F.
  D. Cullen, Ross. New Zealand Journal of Ecology
  28(1)2004. p.83-91
• A new species of kiwi (aves, apterygiformes) from
  Okarito, New Zealand. Tennyson, Alan J. D.
  Palma, Ricardo L. Robertson, Hugh A. Worthy,
  Trevor H. Gill, B. J. Records of the Auckland
  Museum 402003. p.55-64
• The recent decline of a New Zealand endemic how
  and why did populations of Archey's frog
  Leiopelma archeyi crash over 1996-2001?. Bell,
  Ben D. Carver, Scott Mitchell, Nicola J.
  Pledger, Shirley. Biological Conservation
  120(2)2004. p.189-199
• Survival and breeding of yellow-eyed penguins
  (Megadyptes antipodes), at two locations on Otago
  Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand, 1991-96.
  Ratz, Hiltrun Darby, John T. Edge, Kerri-Anne
  Thompson, Caryn. New Zealand Journal of Zoology
  31(2)2004. p.133-147
• Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand. de
  Lange, P. J. Norton, D. A. Heenan, P. B.
  Courtney, S. P. Molloy, B. P. J. Ogle, C. C.
  Rance, B. D. Johnson, P. N. Hitchmough, R. New
  Zealand Journal of Botany 42(1)2004. p.45-76
• Biology and conservation of the rare New Zealand
  land snail Paryphanta busbyi watti (Mollusca,
  Pulmonata). Stringer, Ian A. N. Bassett, Suzanne
  M. McLean, Megan J. McCartney, Jay Parrish, G.
  Richard. Invertebrate Biology 122(3)2003.
  p.241-251
• Dams, ducks and DNA Identifying the effects of a
  hydro-electric scheme on New Zealand's endangered
  blue duck. King, Tania M. Williams, Murray
  Lambert, David M. Conservation Genetics 1(2)2000.
  p.103-113
• Fire and vegetation in a temperate peat bog
  Implications for the management of threatened
  species. Norton, David A. de Lange, Peter J.
  Conservation Biology 17(1)2003. p.138-148

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Even More Reading

• Conservation of the endangered New Zealand fairy
  tern. Ferreira, S. M. Hansen, K. M. Parrish, G.
  R. Pierce, R. J. Pulham, G. A. Taylor, S.
  Biological Conservation 125(3)2005. p.345-354
• The endangered kiwi a review. Sales, James.
  Folia Zoologica 54(1-2)2005. p.1-20
  
• Lack of movement of stoats (Mustela erminea)
  between Nothofagus valley floors and alpine
  grasslands, with implications for the
  conservation of New Zealand's endangered fauna.
  Smith, Des H. V. Jamieson, I. G. New Zealand
  Journal of Ecology 29(1)2005. p.45-52
• Role of exotic pine forests in the conservation
  of the critically endangered New Zealand ground
  beetle Holcaspis brevicula (Coleoptera
  Carabidae). Brockerhoff, Eckehard G. Berndt,
  Lisa A. Jactel, Herve. New Zealand Journal of
  Ecology 29(1)2005. p.37-43
• Diet of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in the
  upper Waitaki Basin, New Zealand Implications
  for conservation. Jones, Chris Moss, Kirsten
  Sanders, Mark. New Zealand Journal of Ecology
  29(1)2005. p.29-35
• Effect of vegetation matrix on animal dispersal
  Genetic evidence from a study of endangered
  skinks. Berry, Oliver Tocher, Mandy D. Gleeson,
  Dianne M. Sarre, Stephen D. Conservation Biology
  19(3)2005. p.855-864