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What important characteristic did "Lucy," the
earliest hominid yet found, have?Opposable
thumbs
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2. Historical narratives and epic poetry were a
further development of what major characteristic
of civilization?Record keeping
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3. Neolithic Revolution- The dramatic and
far-reaching change in human life caused by the
discovery of farming.
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4. Civilization- Is characterized by trade,
specialized work, government, record keeping, and
advanced technology.
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5. Culture- Term for the unique way of life of a
group of people.
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6. Trade- Economic activity that characterized
the advanced cities in Sumer.
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7. Cuneiform- The system of writing that the
Sumerian scribes created.
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8. What were activities for Paleolithic
nomads?Digging up plants, making and repairing
tools, and finding secure places to rest.
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9. Describe the life of hunter-gatherersIt was
impossible for them to live in permanent
dwellings.
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10. Why did the development of agriculture
improve living conditions and lead to the growth
of towns and specialization of labor?It allowed
people to produce a surplus of food.
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11. What is the main result of the domestication
of animals?A ready supply of meat and animal
products.
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Chapter 2-4
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12. What was a major advantage of the Chinese
system of writing?People all over China could
read it, even if they spoke other languages.
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13. How did the Mandate of Heaven affect
government in China?It allowed new rulers to
justify the overthrow of a declining dynasty.
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14. What did the pyramids show about the Old
Kingdom dynasties of Egypt? The leadership,
economy, and government were strong. They has
access to a good supply of stone, both limestone
and granite. They had well-developed
mathematical and engineering skills.
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15. Why were Egyptian farmers more fortunate than
the farmers of Mesopotamia?The Nile flooded at
regular intervals the Tigris and Euphrates
flooded irregularly.
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16. How is the process of mummification connected
to Egyptian beliefs?A belief in an afterlife.
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17. What distinguished the cities of the Indus
Valley from other early cities?Cities were
planned and had their own plumbing and sewage
systems.
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18. The theocracy of ancient Egypt was a belief
in the divinity of . . . The pharaoh.
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19. Monotheism describes the Hebrews'
belief-unusual for the time-that their God was
what?The one and only God.
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20. What aspects of Hinduism and Buddhism beliefs
differ significantly?The caste system.
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21. What aspects of Hinduism and Buddhism are
similar?Reincarnation.
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22. What are the Ten Commandments the basis
for?The civil and religious laws of Judaism.
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23. According to the Torah, what did Moses
do? Led the Hebrews out of Egypt. Revealed
Yahwehs commandments to the Hebrews. Grew to
adulthood as the adopted son of a princess.
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24. What were the long-term effects of the caste
system in India?The Aryans remained dominant.
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25. What is the name for the kind of government
that Shi Huangdi formed, in which the ruler had
unlimited power and used it in an arbitrary
manner?Autocracy.
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26. To restore social order, harmony, and good
government, Confucius believed it was necessary
for society to be organized around what general
category?Relationships.
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27. How did Shi Huangdi unify China?By
defeating invaders and crushing internal
opposition.
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28. What do Daoism and the concept of yin and
yang focus on?Natural order.
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29. What was the underlying objective that gave
rise to the Chinese philosophies of Confucius,
Laozi, and the Legalists?How to restore social
order, harmony, and respect for authority.
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30. What are basic beliefs of Confucianists?
Social order, harmony, and good government
should be based on filial piety and respect for
family and elders.
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Chapter 5
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31. Define acropolis Acro highestPolis
city or city-state
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32. What caused the major difficulties in uniting
ancient Greeks under a single government?The
geography of the region.
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33. Who fought in the Peloponnesian War?Athens
and Sparta.
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34. Which cultures were represented in the
cultural blend of Hellenistic culture?Indian,
Persian, and Egyptian.
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35. Alexander the Great's first victories against
the Persians gave him control of which
region?Anatolia.
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36. After conquering Greece, Alexander the Great
conquered which regions?Persian Empire, Egypt,
and the Indus Valley.
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37. Why do archaeologists think the Trojan War
actually took place?An archaeologist discovered
the possible remains of ancient Troy.
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38. Why was Alexandria, Egypt, important during
the Hellenistic period?It became the foremost
center of commerce and Hellenistic culture.
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Chapter 6
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39. Classical- Greco-Roman culture is also
referred to as this.40. Aqueducts- The Roman
channels that brought water to cities and towns
around the empire.
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41. Pax Romana- The period of peace and
prosperity that lasted 207 years.
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42. Legions- Romes military forces.
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43. Plebeians- The common citizens of Rome.
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44. Consul- One of the two officials who shared
the powers of ruling the republic and whose time
in office was limited to one year.
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45. Tribune- Someone elected to represent the
lower class of Roman citizens.
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46. Senator- Someone chosen to represent the
upper class of Roman citizens.
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47. Dictator- In the early Roman republic, this
was someone whose power was absolute but whose
time in office was limited to a six-month
period.
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48. Patricians- These were the wealthy,
aristocratic landowners who held most of the
power in the early republic.
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49. Explain how the triumvirate of Julius Caesar,
Crassus, and Pompey ended why did it fall
apart?Caesar and Pompey clashed and went to
war.
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50. The major power struggles in the early Roman
republic were between what groups?Members of the
aristocracy and common citizens.
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51. Why did Roman rulers opposed
Christianity?They would not worship Roman gods.
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52. Which languages had their roots in the Latin
language?Spanish, French, and Italian.
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53. What was the result of 207 years of Pax
Romana for the Roman Empire?Experienced peace
and prosperity.
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54. What were the basic rights of Roman citizens
under Roman law? The right to receive equal
treatment under the law. The right to be
punished only for actions, not thoughts. The
right to be considered innocent until proven
guilty.
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55. What were the reasons for the decline of the
Roman Empire? The huge amount of money spent on
defense, coupled with inflation. The invasions
by Germanic tribes and by the Huns. The
disruption of trade.
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56. What conflict of interests lay between Rome
and Carthage?Control of the Mediterranean Sea.
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57. What were the reasons that Christianity
spread throughout the Roman Empire? It embraced
all people men and women, rich and
poor. Romes excellent roads encouraged the
exchange of ideas. Jesus promised eternal
life.
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58. Why did Germanic peoples invade the Roman
Empire?Fear of attacks by the Huns.
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59. What was significant about the "Five Good
Emperors"?They adopted the custom of selecting
the next emperor themselves.
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60. What regions of the world today are still
strongly influenced by the achievements of
Rome?Europe and the United States.
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61. What is the legacy of the Roman Empire
influence on culture?Architecture, engineering,
law, and language.
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62. What does "Islam" mean in Arabic?Submission
to the will of Allah.
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63. What do Muslims believe about Muhammad?He
was the last and greatest of the prophets.
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64. In what form of art can the greatest cultural
blending of the Muslim world be
seen?Architecture.
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65. What division of Islam believes that only a
relative of Muhammad is qualified to be a
caliph?Shia.
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66. What are the Five Pillars of Islam?The major
duties required of all Muslims.
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67. How were conquered peoples treated by the
Muslim Empire?Their religions were tolerated,
but restrictions and taxes were imposed.
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68. Why did the Muslim way of praying lead to
advances in astronomy?Muslims wanted to know the
precise direction of Mecca.
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69. How did Muslim scholars help preserve
European culture?By translating works of
Aristotle and Plato.
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70. How was trade conducted in the Muslim Empire
money, language ? Muslims invented the
sakk, or check. Traders spoke Arabic throughout
the empire. One form of currency was accepted
throughout the empire.
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Chapter 11
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71. What was the body of civil law created for
the Byzantine Empire?The Justinian Code.
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72. During the 8th-century dispute over icons,
what leader was the main supporter of the
iconoclasts?The Byzantine emperor.
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73. What was the Mongol Empire in Russia
called?Khanate of the Golden Horde.
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74. How did the Byzantines try to prop up their
shaky empire? Use bribes. Use
diplomacy. Reorganize the empire.
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75. Kievian Russia adopted the Eastern Orthodox
religion, the Cyrillic alphabet, and different
styles of art and architecture through contact
with whom?Missionaries from the Byzantine
Empire.
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76. Orthodox Christianity became the state
religion of which empires?Seljuk Empire.
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77. The combination of church and state
influenced what events and whose rule? The
Crusades. Justinians rule. Vladimirs rule.
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78. Justinian set up a panel of ten experts to do
what?Compile laws to regulate a complex
society.Chapter 13
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79. The achievement for which Charlemagne is most
remembered was what?Building an empire larger
than any since Rome.
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80. Explain the lifestyle of the Germanic
tribes They lived in small, closely knit
communities. They had a strong tradition of
songs and legends. Each tribes chief had a
group of warriors loyal only to him.
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81. According to the code of chivalry, a knight
fought for who? His lady. His feudal
lord. His heavenly lord.
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82. What factors led to the end of Viking raids?
Farming conditions in the Viking homeland
improved.
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83. The Treaty of Verdun resulted in what?The
division of Charlemagnes empire into three
parts.
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84. What was the bargain made between a lord and
a vassal describe it? That the lord would
grant the vassal land in exchange for military
service.
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85. Pope Gregory VII and the German emperor Henry
IV fought over the issue of what?Secular
appointment of bishops.
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86. Why was the interdict an effective weapon for
a pope to use against a king? It cost the king
the loyalty of his subjects, who feared for their
own souls.
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87. The main difference between the original
Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire of
Frederick I was what?Fredericks empire had no
strong central government.
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What did the development of various languages in
Western Europe demonstrate?It mirrored the
continued breakup of the Roman Empire.
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89. The Concordat of Worms resolved a power
struggle between which two groups?The Church and
the Holy Roman Empire.
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90. What was the significance of Pope Leo III
crowning Charlemagne emperor?It joined Germanic
power with the Church and the heritage of Rome.
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91. What led to the development of the code of
chivalry?The constant, brutal fighting among
nobles.
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92. How were feudalism and the manor system
related?Feudalism was a social order, and the
manor system was the economic arrangement that
supported it.
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93. What were the forces holding feudal society
together?A set of mutual social obligations and
the teachings of the Church.
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94. How did the status of women change during the
Middle Ages?Their roles became increasingly
confined to the home and convent.
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95. What was the major long-term effect of
ongoing conflicts among German princes and
between German kings and the pope?Germany did
not become a unified nation-state during the
Middle Ages.
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Chapter 14
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96. What was the chief goal of the Crusades?To
recover Jerusalem an the Holy Land from the
Muslim Turks.
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97. What problem was identified by Church
reformers during the Middle Ages? Village
priests married and had families contrary to
Church law. Bishops sold positions in the
Church for money. Kings, rather that Church
leaders, appointed bishops.
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98. What was the effect of the three-field
system?Farmers produced more food and villagers
had more to eat.
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99. Describe the nature of a guild.An
association of people who worked at the same
occupation.
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100. What did the Magna Carta guarantee?Basic
legal rights.
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101. What was the major cause of the Great
Schism?Arguments about which man holding the
position of pope was the true pope.
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102. During the later Middle Ages, where were
most serfs likely to search for freedom?Towns or
cities.
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103. What group was most responsible for the
spread of the bubonic plague to Europe?Traders.
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104. What was the central issue of the Hundred
Years' War?The throne of France.
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105. What was the purpose of the Reconquista?To
drive the Muslims out of Spain.
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106. How was the Great Schism finally
resolved?All three popes were forced to resign,
and a new pope was elected.
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107. How did the Battle of Hastings change the
course of English history?The Normans took
control of England.
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108. Whose rights did the Magna Carta originally
intend to defend?The English nobility.
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109. What was the most important effect of the
Hundred Years' War?It caused the development of
national identities in England and France.
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110. What traits characterize Gothic cathedral
architecture? Sculpture. Stained-glass
windows. High, vaulted ceilings.
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111. What issue led to both the Magna Carta and
the establishment of Parliament?How to end
taxation without representation.
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112. What was one negative effect of the Crusades
that has continued to the present?Muslim
hostility toward Christians.
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113. Why were Europeans able to begin studying
ancient Greek works?Muslim and Byzantine
libraries contained the writings of Greek
philosophers.
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114. What did the devastation caused by the
bubonic plague contribute to?The disruption and
collapse of medieval society.
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115. What developments did the most to end the
Middle Ages?Longbow, bubonic plague, Hundred
Years War, and the Great Schism.
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116. How are the Five Relationships
(Confucianism), the Ten Commandments, and the
Eightfold Path are similar?They provide codes of
behavior.
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117. Understand the Caste system - where it is
from, religion, how it works?India, Hinduism,
divides people into a social class system.
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• Buddha
• Eightfold Path

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Rome
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Great Wall of China
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Pyramids of Egypt
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