Bartolomeu Dias, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, 1488

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Bartolomeu Dias, rounding the Cape of Good Hope,
1488
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Vasco da Gamas trip, 1497
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The Portuguese Empire, 1502-1577
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Map of Gulf of Guinea by Hamann Ebert, 1743
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European Eyes on AfricaA Set of Contrasts

• Africa
• Savagery
• Slavery
• Nature
• Wild land
• Feminine

• Europe
• Civilization
• Free labor
• Culture and reason
• Cultivated agriculture
• Masculine

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German philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, Parerga
and Paralipomena (1851)

• The highest civilization and culture, apart from
  the ancient Hindus and Egyptians, are found
  exclusively among the white races and even with
  many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is
  fairer in color than the rest and has, therefore,
  evidently immigrated, for example, the Brahmins,
  the Incas, and the rulers of the South Sea
  islands. Because of the climate.

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Namibia
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Ota Benga at the Bronx Zoo, 1906