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Title: Race for the Double Helix 3


1
Class Notes On The Main Characters from the Race
for the Double Helix Slides created by Honors
Genetics Classes
2
James D. Watson

April 6, 1928 Nationality English,
Scottish, Irish
3
Educational Background
  • As a boy James Watson spent eight years at Horace
    Mann Grammar school in Chicago, and two years at
    South Shore High School
  • In the summer of 1943, James received a
    scholarship to the University of Chicago
  • James received a B.Sc and a Ph.D in Zoology from
    Indiana University
  • In 1950, James spent a year in Copenhagen, as a
    member of the National Research Council
  • He began work at the Cavendish laboratory in
    October of 1952
  • For two years Waston attended the California
    Institute of Technology as a Senior Research
    Fellow in Biology
  • In 1955 Watson returned to Cavendish and worked
    with crick, publishing several papers on the
    principals of virus construction
  • In 1956 Watson began working at Harvard, and is
    still involved there

4
Watson and Crick

5
Personal Life
  • James Watson was born on April 6, 1928 in
    Chicago, the city where he lived for the
    beginning of his life
  • Watson had a deep interest in bird watching and
    he did so throughout most of his life
  • Watsons interest in bird watching lead to an
    even deeper interest in understanding genetics
  • James married former Elizabeth Lewis and had two
    sons, named Rufus and Duncan
  • Watsons recreational activities were walking and
    bird watching, both which he still enjoys doing

6
Research Focus
  • First effort in constructing DNA model in 1951
    (was unsatisfactory)
  • Second effort based upon experimental evidence of
    the nucleic acid literature which resulted in the
    proposal of complementary double helical
    configuration
  • At the same time, Watson was investigating the
    structure of TMV(a virus), using X-ray
    diffraction techniques. The purpose of this was
    to determine if its sub-units were helically
    arranged
  • Watson and Crick suggested that the model was
    made of two chains of nucleotides, each in a
    helix, but biparallel. Matching base pairs
    interlocked in the middle of the double helix to
    keep the distance between the chain constant
  • Watson worked on the Human Genome Project from
    1988 to 1992
  • Then he continued his research on Cold Springs
    Harbor before becoming the head of the
    institution in 1994

7
Watson and Crick with DNA model

8
Francis Harry Compton crick
Born on June 8th, 1916, at Northampton, England
Oldest child of Harry Crick and Annie Elizabeth
Wilkins.
He has one brother, A.F. Crick, who is a doctor
in New Zealand.
During the war he worked as a scientist for the
British Admiralty, mainly in connection with
magnetic and acoustic mines. He left the
Admiralty in 1947 to study biology.
9
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10
Background Continued
  • Crick was forced to stop because of the war in
    1939. He began working for the British Admiralty
    with magnetic and acoustic mines. In 1947, he
    left to study Biology.

11
Scientific Characteristics
  • Watson is wifty. Although he is very dedicated to
    finding the structure of the model of DNA his
    work didnt compare to that of Rosalind Franks.
    Watson went around with crick and collected
    information to deduce the final structure of DNA
  • Watson enjoyed his job and felt joy in doing his
    experiments, but he also enjoyed having a good
    time at social gatherings and such.

12

Watson receiving his Nobel prize
13
Francis Harry Compton Crick
  • Thanks to financial help by his family and a
    studentship from the Medical Research Council,
    Crick began working in Strangeways Research
    Laboratory. Shortly after he joined the Medical
    Research Council Unit and studied molecular
    biology. He eventually obtained a Ph.D in 1954
    after his studies with polypeptides and proteins.
    In 1947, Crick knew no biology, no organic
    chemistry, and practically no crystallography, so
    much of the next years was spent learning these
    subjects. Throughout the next few years, Crick
    worked with W. Cochran and V. Vand, figuring out
    the general theory of x-ray diffraction of the
    helix as he grew more knowledgeable in these
    fields.

14
Educational Background
  • Francis Harry Compton Crick was educated at
    Northampton Grammer School and Mill Hill School,
    London. He furthered his education on physics at
    University College, London, where he obtained a
    B.Sc. In 1937. He began doing research for a
    Ph.D. under Prof E. N. da C. Andrade.

15
Because of his education, experience, and hard
work, Francis Harry Compton Crick was able to be
apart of a team who helped discover one of the
largest mysteries of life. That discovery was
DNA.
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
16
REASEARCH FOCUS
  • Crick began working at Cambridge learning
    Biology, organic chemistry, and x-ray diffraction
    technology.
  • He was investigating the structure of proteins.
  • When Crick and Watson joined each other they
    began to make models of DNA based on previous
    research and they used Franklins x-ray
    diffraction technology.
  • Crick eventually created a correct model for DNA
    along with Watson and was awarded the Nobel prize
    in 1962.

17
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18
INFLUENCES
  • A critical influence in Cricks career was his
    friendship with J.D Watson, which lead to the
    proposal of the double helical structure for DNA
    and the general theory for the structure of
    viruses. Crick has also collaborated with many
    scientists such as A. Rich , S. Brenner, and D.R.
    Davies on his advances in the field of genetic
    code, structure of polyadenylic acid, and other
    elements of biochemistry helping to shape and
    perfect his scientific characteristics.

19
The Scientific Characteristics of Francis Crick
  • Cricks original interest lied in Physics, which
    he studied at University College in London,
    working towards his masters degree. His studies
    were interrupted by the outbreak of the war in
    1939.
  • During the the war, Crick worked as a scientist
    for the British Admiralty, mainly in connection
    wit magnetic and acoustic mines. In 1947,
    however, he left the Admiralty to study biology.

20
  • In 1941 she graduated from Cambridge
  • Then she started working on her doctorate. Her
    focus was on charcoal and coal, and how to use
    them efficiently.
  • She published five papers on the subject and had
    her PhD before she was 26 years old.

21
Rosalind Franklin
  • Satisfaction doesnt come from knowing the
    solution. It comes from knowing why its the
    solution.

22
Rosalinds Structure of DNA
  • Form B vs. Form A
  • Wet vs. Dry
  • Where are the phosphates located?
  • Helix or no helix?

23
Coal A Valuable Natural Resource
  • Resource management information
  • High-strength carbon fibers
  • Energy production with the help of graphite
  • Classification system

24
Structural Virology
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus
  • X-ray diffraction contribution to immunology
  • Polio virus

25
X-Ray Diffraction
  • What is X-Ray Diffraction?
  • The most beautiful X-ray photographs of any
    substance ever taken (J.D. Bernal)

26
Education
  • The all girls school, that she attended in
    London, taught her chemistry and physics. At the
    age of 15 she decided she wanted to be a
    scientist.
  • In 1938 she passed the examination for Cambridge
    University.
  • Her father refused to pay because he didnt
    approve of university education for women.
  • Her mother and aunt stepped in and they said they
    would pay for it.

27
1958
  • Rosalind found out that she had ovarian cancer
    and continued to work.
  • She went through three operations and
    experimental chemotherapy.
  • She had one remission that lasted 10 months.
  • She worked up until a few weeks before her death
    at the age of 37.

28
Maurice Wilkins
  • Born on December 15, 1916
  • Nationality New Zealand, British, and Irish

29
Personal Life
Noble Prize Winners, December 1962 Maurice
Wilkins, Max Perutz, Francias Crick, John
Steinbeck, James Watson, and John Kendrew
30
Maurice Hugh Fredrick Wilkins was born at
Pongaroa, New Zealand on December 15th, 1916
after his parents left Ireland. His father,
Edgar Henry Wilkins was a doctor in the School
Medical Service and was very interested in
research but had little opportunity for it.
31
Wilkins was elected F.R.S. in 1959, given the
Albert Lasker Award with Watson and Crick by the
American Public Health Association in 1960, and
made Companion of the British Empire in 1962.
32
He married Patricia Ann Chidgey in 1959 and they
have two children. They have a daughter named
Sarah, and a son George. He finds recreation in
collecting sculptures and in gardening.
33
Maurice Wilkins
Educational Background
-At the age of 6 he was brought to England and
educated at King Edwards school in Birmingham.
-He studied Physics at St. Johns College and
received his degree in 1938.
-Then he went to Birmingham University and was
research assistant to J.T. Randall in the Physics
Department. Where they studied the luminescence
of solids. In 1940 he obtained a Ph.D.
-In 1945 he was a lecturer in physics at St.
Andrews University, Scotland, where J.T. Randall
was organizing biophysical studies.
-In 1946 he went to Kings College where he
studied the orientation of purines and
pyrimidines.
34
Research Focus Of Maurice Wilkins
1938-Physics degree from St. Johns College,
Cambridge 1940-Obtained Ph.D, thesis on a study
of thermal stability of trapped electrons in
phosphors, and on the theory of
phosphoresence-Applied this to war based problems
like improving cathode ray tube screens for
radar 1943-Manhattan Project-American wartime
nuclear physics project-Research led to
completion of nuclear weapons, dropped on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Wilkins to become
a strong opponent of them 1945-Had spent 7 years
in physics, and decided to begin biophysics, a
new and appealing concept to Wilkins
35
Research Focus Of Maurice Wilkins
1946-Member of new Medical Research Council
Biophysics Research Unit at Kings College,
London-First studied genetic effects of
ultrasonics-then moved on to development of
reflecting microscopes for UV micro-spectrophotome
try of nucleic acids in cells-To name a few
others-UV dichroism of oriented specimens,
arrangement of virus particles of TMV, dry mass
in cells with interference microscopes, and X-ray
diffraction studies of DNA and sperm heads-Led
tofiguring out molecular structure of DNA,
establishing the correct Watson-Crick DNA
structure
36
Research Focus Of Maurice Wilkins
1950-Produced first images of DNA 1953-Using a
1952 X-ray diffraction photo from Wilkins and
Franklin, Watson and Crick built the correct and
precise model of DNA 1962-The Nobel Prize was
given to Watson, Wilkins, and Crick, for
Physiology and Medicine because of their
discoveries 1997-Wrote book titled Crick, Watson,
and DNA, which explained the tension in the
relationship between he and Franklin-he wasnt
sure how to act with a woman in his laboratory-
when they first met he assumed she was his
assistant-Said lab was very abnormal
37
Scientific Characteristics
The DNA Enabler
38
  • Studied Physics at St. Johns College
  • (PhD in 1940 thesis Thermal Stability of
    trapped electronsin phosphors, and the theory of
    phosphorescence)
  • applied knowledge to war time problems
    (improvement of cathode ray tube screens for
    radar)
  • Worked on the Manhattan Project (now opposes
    nuclear weapons)

39
  • Changed emphasis to BIOPHYSICS
  • 1946- worked at Kings College, London as a member
    on the staff of the newly formed Medical
    Research Council Biophysics Research Unit
  • Studied

-X-Ray Crystallography (applied to biology)
-Genetic effects of ultrasonics
-development of reflecting microscopes for
ultraviolet microspectrophotometry (nucleic acids
in cells)
-DOUBLE HELIX (orientation of purines and
pyrimidines in virus)
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