Title: WELCOME TO GG 101 PHYSICAL GEOLOGY
1WELCOME TO GG 101PHYSICAL GEOLOGY
- My name is Patty Lee.
- We meet Monday , Wednesday and Friday from 130
to 220. - Lets have some fun!
2GOOD INFO
Office POST 713 B Phone
956-8489 email pdlee_at_hawaii.edu Office
Monday 1230 - 115Hours and by
appointment Lecture Power Points will be
available at the following WEB SITE
ltwww.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/FACULTY/PLEE/gg101/index.
htmlgt
3We will study the PHYSICAL characteristics or the
GEOLOGY of our planet, EARTH.
- WHAT IS GEOLOGY?
- logia (study) of the geo (earth)
- HOW DO WE STUDY IT?
- directly indirectly using the scientific method
- WHICH IS?
4The Scientific Method
5NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
- ASSUME natural world behaves in consistent
predictable manner so we can - OBSERVE TO COLLECT FACTS
- DEVELOP HYPOTHESIS TEST
- LAST HYPOTHESIS STANDING BECOMES A THEORY
- (IN A NUTSHELL Science is the acceptance of what
works rejection of what does not.-JB) - Real question is WHY DO ALL OF THIS?
6To figure out how Earth works!
- RESOURCES
- HAZARDS
- ENVIRONMENT
- BEAUTY
72 MAJOR CONCERNS
8GEOLOGIC TIMEARISTOTLE
- FAST TIME
- BISHOP USSHER
- CATASTROPHISM
- WORLD-WIDE SUDDEN DISASTERS
- SLOW TIME
- JAMES HUTTON
- UNIFORMITARIANISM
- THE PRESENT IS THE KEY TO PAST
9Siccar Point, Scotland
10Geologic Time Scale
Geologic Time Scale
11Geologic Time
12ENERGY
- GIANT MACHINE (EARTH) DRIVEN BY
- 2 HEAT ENGINES
- EXTERNAL ENGINE
- INTERNAL ENGINE
13EXTERNAL ENGINE - SUN
- 60 OF SOLAR ENERGY IS USED TO DRIVE WEATHER
SYSTEM BY VARIABLE HEATING - HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
- -gt EVAPORATION
- JOB IS TO FLATTEN THE SURFACE OF EARTH BY
WEATHERING, EROSION DEPOSITION!
14INTERNAL ENGINE
- HEAT FLOWS FROM HIGH TO LOW TEMPERATURE
- FROM INSIDE TO OUTSIDE OF EARTH
- JOB IS TO BUILD VOLCANOES, MOUNTAINS, MOVES
PLATES -gt PLATE TECTONICS
15HOW HEAT WORKS
- WORKS IN 2 WAYS -gt CONDUCTION CONVECTION
- ROCKS BEHAVE PLASTICALLY (wax, soft tar)
- GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT -gt 1deg.C/40M
16THE UNIVERSE
BIG BANG
- UNIVERSE COMPOSED OF
- HYDROGEN (76)
- HELIUM (23)
- ALL ELSE (1)
17(No Transcript)
18THE SOLAR SYSTEM
- SOLAR NEBULAR FORMED 4.55 BILLION YEARS AGO AS
- PLANETESIMALS COALESCED INTO PLANETS
- 4 INNER ROCKY PLANETS AND 4 GAS GIANTS PLUTO
- HEATED BY IMPACTS OF NUBULAR DEBRIS
- CAUSING PLANETS TO DIFFERENTIATE
19The origin of the solar system from nebula.
20(No Transcript)
21Size of the Planets
22Formation of the Moon (about 4.5 billion years
ago)
23The Early Earth Heats Up
Four Factors Lead to Heating and Melting Early
in Earths History
1. Accretion of meter-sized bodies 2.
Collisions 3. Compression 4. Radioactivity of
elements (e.g. uranium, potassium, or thorium)
Transfer of kinetic energy into heat
24Heating and differentiation of the early
Earth. IRON CATASTROPHY
25EARTH - OUR ISLAND HOME
26The Three States of Water(Why Earth is so
special!)
27Major Components of the Earth System
28STRUCTURE OF EARTH
29OK!
- SO WHAT?
- WE HAVE ALL THIS INFORMATION
- BUT
- WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
- WHAT IS PLATE TECTONICS?
- LETS FIND OUT!
30PLATE TECTONICS
- UNIFYING THEORY of plate motion
- PLATES (same as lithosphere) - 7 major plates
many minor plates - MOVE with respect to each other as fast as finger
nails grow - remember that crust rides in lithosphere over
the asthenosphere - THREE (3) kinds of PLATE MARGINS
31DIVERGENT MARGIN lt-SPREADING-gt
- Plates move apart leaving a gap that is filled by
magma/lava making new sea floor new plate -gt
SEAFLOOR SPREADING - Occurs at Divergent Margins (MOR)
- Mid-Ocean Ridges (MOR) are elevated sub-marine
volcanic mountains
32CONVERGENT MARGIN -gt SUBDUCTIONlt-
33SUBDUCTION COLLISIOSNMARGINSwhere subducting
plates move into Earths interior.Oceanic crust
is SUBDUCTED destroyed.Continental crust
COLLIDES and builds mountains.
34TRANSFORM MARGINS
- Plates slide horizontally past each other at
great vertical faults - Plates scrape deform margins as they move
- Crust is neither created nor destroyed
35(No Transcript)
36(No Transcript)
37Earthquakes Plate Margins
38SYSTEMS - Run by energy made of matter
- 1. Definition ANY PORTION OF THE UNIVERSE
SEPERATED FROM THE REST OF THE UNIVERSE FOR THE
PURPOSE OF OBSERVING CHANGES - It is implied that all systems have boundaries
- The amount of matter in a closed system is fixed!
- Systems are composed of SUBSYSTEMS which are in
DYNAMIC BALANCE
39Kinds of Systems
40The Earth is a Closed System
41CYCLES - Group of processes that move matter and
energy between subsystems
- HYDROLOGIC CYCLE - driven by Sun and works on
surface - ROCK CYCLE - 3 families defined by formation
processes - IGNEOUS ROCKS - born of fire melted rock-gt
MAGMA - SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - formed at surface from rock
fragments - METAMORPHIC ROCKS - altered preexisting rock
material - TECTONIC CYCLE - moves rock material between
surface Earths interior by interaction of
tectonic plates run by internal heat
42Major Components of the Earth System
43(No Transcript)