Commercial Agriculture

1
Chapter 16

• Commercial Agriculture

2
Where it from

• Colonial powers commercialized the agriculture
  products and sold it even back to the colonized
  countries
  
• With transportation evolved, new market scenarios
  exist. But the influence of the colonial powers
  still prevails in several countries. Such as,
  Ghanaians grow cacas, Mozambiquans raise cotton
  and Sri Lankans produce tea

3
Economic embargo

• Wealthy importing countries can threaten the very
  survival of the economics of the producers (such
  as Cuba, Iraq, N. Korea)
  
• Vice Versa, OPEC in 1970, but difficult.

4
Cotton and Rubber

• Expansion cotton plantation due to the colonial
  powers in 19th century. Now, the developing
  countries still grow cotton and exported to
  developed countries.
• Rubber grows in Amazon Basin and Congo Basin,
  later seedlings were planted, especially in
  Southeast Asia. Now 90 of rubber from Malaya and
  Indonesia. With the booming auto-industry, the
  rubber demand increases. In WWII, Japan
  controlled the Southeast stimulated the
  development of synthetic rubber, now more than
  60 are synthetic and the remaining 20 are from
  Southeast Asia. (For environmental and labor
  reasons, Southeast Asia was chosen for the
  development of rubber plantation)

5
Luxury Crops

• Similar Environmental and labor reason led the
  colonist establish huge plantation in various
  regions for various luxury crops such as tea,
  cacao, coffee and tobacco.
• Coffee was first planted in Ethiopia.
• Now, Middle and South America produce 70 of the
  coffee of the world and US imports more than half
  of all the coffee sold on world markets annually
  and Western Europe takes most of the rest.

6
Coffee Story

• Ninth Century--First record of coffee drinking by
  the Mufti people of Aden (Legend has it that the
  ubiquitous bean made its way to Yemen from
  Ethiopia by traveling merchants through trade
  routes across the Gulf of Aden)15th
  Century--Extensive planting of coffee in
  YemenLate 16th Century--Priests petition Pope
  Clement VIII to ban the evil drinking of coffee
  (he refuses--probably a closet coffee lover)17th
  Century--First coffee house opened in London
  (Trivia--coffeehouses became known as "penny
  universities" because a person could buy a cup of
  joe for 1 cent and learn more at the coffee house
  than in class! London Stock Exchange grew from a
  coffee house)
• 1656--Coffee drinking prohibited coffeehouses
  closed in Turkey by the Grand Vizir of the
  Ottoman Empire (penalty for drinking coffee a
  dunk in the Bosphorus in a leather satchel!)

7

• 1669--Coffee becomes popular in Europe after
  Turkish ambassador to France introduces Louis XIV
  to the magic brew1674--Women's Petition Against
  Coffee established in London1686--First cafe
  serving coffee is opened in Paris (Le
  Procope--it's still in business!)1690--Coffee
  introduced in Java (pardon the pun!)18th
  Century--More coffeehouses in London than there
  are today1714--Coffee takes root in the Americas
  (seedlings shipped to Martinique in the West
  Indies)1822--First espresso machine made in
  France1908--Melitta Bentz, a housewife from
  Dresden, invents the first coffee
  filter1909--Instant coffee first
  marketed1940--Coffee production quotas
  established by an Inter-American Coffee
  Board1962--Coffee export quotas established
  worldwide by the UN1970s--Coffee hits the big
  leagues as Joe DiMaggio endorses "Mr.
  Coffee"1989--World coffee prices
  plunge1991--The origin of Java (The programming
  language developed by Sun)

8
Luxury Crops - 2

• Tea was grown in China perhaps 2000 years ago.
  It became popular in Europe in 19th century.
  
• The British established enormous tea plantations
  in Asia and sold in European market.

9
Tea Story

• Believed to have been discovered by Shen Nong
  (Divine Farmer), 2500 BC. boiling fresh leaves
  directly in water
  
• Tang Dynasty (620-907 AD)- Tea comes of age - due
  to 1) strong Tang Economy 2) promotion by tea
  master Lu Yu 3) Promotion and lifestyle of
  Buddhist monks and Taoist priests, Brick Tea -
  tea leaves were steamed, powered, and then formed
  into cake. Tea was introduced to Japan with the
  philosophy of Tao (the Way) later Japan developed
  a elaborate tea ceremony cha-no-yu or the way of
  tea

10
Tea too

• Song Dynasty (908-1276AD) - Loose tea was
  accepted and became popular
  
• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) - Loose tea replaced
  powered tea and oolong and black tea planted in
  Fujian. Best teapot - Yixing purple clay, when
  fired forms micropores and chain-shaped pores
  which allows for better brews because they absorb
  the flavor and keep the water hot
• England - seventeenth century, The East India
  Company brought back teas from China. In 19th
  century, with promotion from Queens Anne, tea
  drinking became a high-class social enjoyment.

11
Tea - 3

• With the English domination of the sea trade and
  the Chinese Close Door policy, tea trade became
  the world's largest trade monopoly. The secret of
  growing tea was kept such a secret that no one in
  Europe knew that all variety of teas come from
  the same species of plant. The Chinese monopoly
  also created the largest trade imbalance which
  lead to the tragic Opium Wars in 1840 and
  1857-1860 between England and China, in which the
  English sought to legalize opium trade to
  counterbalance the trade deficit. As a result
  China lost control of its trading outpost, Hong
  Kong.

12
The Reign of English Tea Empire

• Tea and India -- With the interest in tea growing
  in Europe, and China keeping a close door policy,
  English botanist sand entrepeneurs fervously look
  for alternative sites to grow tea. And when there
  is a will there is a way. Two major breakthroughs
  occured. Firstly, the Assam variety, native to
  India was discovered in 1824. Secondly, a
  botanist successfully stole a tea plant from
  China.
• These breakthroughs created tea giants like Sir
  Thomas Lipton, and Twining and was the beginning
  of the world black tea trade.
  

13
Green Tea and Human Health

• prevents cancer
• restricts the increase of blood cholesterol
• controls high blood pressure
• lowers the blood sugar level
• Green tea suppresses aging
• Green tea refreshes the body
• Green tea deters food poisoning
• stops cavities and
• fights virus

14
Tea Ceremony

• The Japanese custom of drinking green tea came
  from China about 800 AD. The use of tea started
  when Buddhist monks, who had gone to China for
  study, returned to Japan bringing tea with them
  as a medicinal beverage.

15
Chinese Tea Ceremony

• "The Chinese tea ceremony, unlike the Japanese
  tea ceremony, emphasizes the tea, rather than the
  ceremony," What the tea tastes like, smells like,
  and how one tea tastes compared to the previous
  tea, or in successive rounds of drinking -- that
  is what participants of the Chinese tea ceremony
  are most concerned with.

16
Plantation Agriculture (7 in figure 16-1)

• Middle and South America - bananas, sugar,
  coffee, and cocoa
  
• West and East Africa-rubber, cocoa, and tea
• South Asia - tea
• Southeast Asia - rubber
• They still grow these plantation after the
  colonization period. Its an important source of
  income for the government who took over the
  control

17
Commercial Agriculture

• The largest areas of commercial agr. -outside the
  tropics
  
• US -the largest rice exporter followed by
  Thailand and Vietnam
  

18
Impact of Changing Agr. Practice

• Shifts from Subsistence to commercial
  agriculture, impacts in industrialized regions -
  a) increased mechanization b)consolidation of
  smaller farms to larger corporate units
  c)increased crop specialization
• Impacts in other regions a) Latin America
  -increase in the production of cash crops (fruit
  or coffee) at the expense of local consumption,
  and subsistence farming being pushed to the
  marginal lands b) Asia, with Green Revolution,
  increase in domestic and foreign market
  production of rice and wheat, c) In Africa,
  commercialized agr, increased but exports
  decreased,. Both Asia and Africa, small scale
  units and labor intensive farming.

19
Green Revolution-3rd Agr. Rev.

• Started in 1960s, Philippino research crossed a
  Chinese rice with Indonesian variety and
  produced IR8 rice with bigger head of grain and
  stronger stem. In 1982, they produced IR36, the
  most widely grown crop on Earth
• IR36-mixed from 13 parents genetic resistance
  against 15 pests and growing cycle of 110 days
  which makes three crops per year possible.
  
• Charting of genome (12 chromosomes) is ongoing,
  it will eventually increase the production and
  develop the resistance to diseases and pests
  

20
World Distribution of Ag. (fig. 16-1)

• History, Tradition, Environment and Technology
  shape the world of Ag.
  
• Move out of subsistence Agr. Control family size
  in many countries
  
• Soviet Union and China - collective farms and
  agriculture communes. A disaster in human
  history
  
• Farm production oriented to 1/5 of wealthy,
  powerful and urbanized population.
  
• Fertilizer Consumption

21
The Silk Road - major channel between China and
Europe - map link

• 1 North - westward to Black Sea
• 2 Central - Westward to Persia, Mediterranean
  Sea, Rome
  
• 3 Southern route - Westward to Afghanistan,
  Iran, India
  
• 4 Eastward to Xian

22
The greatest East-West trade rout for
cross-cultural exchange - named in the mid-19th
century by German Scholar - Baron Ferdinand von
Richthonfen

• General Zhang Qian traveled from Xian to recruit
  the Yueh-chih who were looking for ally to combat
  Xiongnu (200 BC)
  
• Chinese poem

23
DunHunag - the Thousand Buddha Cave

• On 22 June 1900, when the Taoist priest Wang
  Yuanlu was removing sand from cave 16, he
  discovered the world famous Dunhuang Library Cave
  (now cave 17) on the northern wall of the
  corridor. It contained a great number of the
  scrolls of Buddhist writings, old administrative
  papers, embroidered work and paintings. All these
  relics amounted to over 45 000 pieces dating from
  the 3rd to the 11th century. They provide
  invaluable background for the study of politics,
  economics, military affairs, culture, religion,
  literature, music, dance, calligraphy,
  architecture and medical science in the old
  times.