Music History I

1
Music History I

• Lecture Notes 9

2
Madrigal Etymology

• Mandrialis pastoral song (from mandra meaning
  flock)
• Materialis secular
• Matricalis mother tongue affectionate the
  Mother Church (liturgical)

3
Madrigal Types

• 14th Century (Ant. 23)
• 2 strophes/3 lines each
• Ritornello (2-line strophe)
• Amatory/pastoral subjects
• Forms a a b and a a a b
• Most composers Italian
• For 2 or 3 voices
• Highly ornamented
• Popular in 1st half of C.

• 16th Century (Ant. 47ff.)
• Through composed stanza
• Freer structure
• 3 or 4 parts in early 16th C.
• and mostly homophonic
• 5 parts (4 6 )in late16th
• C. and mostly polyphonic
• More elaborate
• Emphasis on text
• By prominent composers

4
The Renaissance

• In the British Isles
• In The Netherlands
• In France
• In The Iberian Peninsula
• In Italy
• In Germany

5
The Musical Landscape in Europe

• Secular repertories flourished
• Sacred music used as a weapon between Protestants
  and Catholics
• Composers began writing for instruments
• Mannerism led to extremes in text settings
• Advances in music printing
• Complex chanson of 15th c. gave way to simpler
  rhythmic genres
• More interest in vernacular poetry, especially in
  Italy
• A new look at the relationship between words and
  music in the wake of the Reformation and
  Counter-Reformation

6
The Chanson

• Replaced the rondeau of the Medieval Era
• Homorhythmic A type of polyphonic music in which
  all the voices move in the same rhythm producing
  a succession of intervals or of chords. Also
  referred to as chordal style, familiar style,
  homophonic, note-against-note, or simply
  harmonic. More correctly applied to polyphony and
  not to works appropriately described as having
  chords and harmony.

7
A Typical Chanson

• The Sermisy work
• -Is lighter and more chordal than earlier
  examples
• -Is generally homorhythmic
• -Has a conventional text, a love song in praise
  of love itself
• -Is generally syllabic

8
Onomatopoeia

• Singers are asked to mimic the sounds of war
  (canons, clash of swords)

9
Through-Composed

• Applies to a vocal work in which each line of
  text is set to essentially new music.

10
Madrigal Collections

• 2,000 published between 1530 and 1600

11
Poets of the Italian Madrigal

• Jacopo Sannazaro, LArcadia (pastoral romance)
• Ludovico Ariosto, Orlando furioso (adventures of
  the crusaders)
• Torquato Tasso, Gerusalemme liberata (the
  crusades)
• Giovanni Battista Guarini, Il pastor fido
  (pastoral drama)

12
Madrigal Comparison

• Arcadelt clear declamation, modest dimensions,
  limited word painting, predominantly chordal
  texture textual play on two poetic conceits
  (legend of the swan and a pun on the word
  death)
• Rore more imitative, less chordal, fuller
  texture with 5 voices about two lovers who are
  parting at dawn

13
Monteverdi on Rore

• Rore a true founder of modern music because of
  the way in which he had shaped his compositions
  around the text at hand.

14
Zarlinos Obligations of the Singer

• Perform what the composer has written
• Adjust consonants reflect the nature of the
  words
• Dont change vowels
• Dont force the voice
• Blend with other singers
• Full voice in church and public chapels
• Subdued, sweet voice in private chambers
• Refrain from bodily movements and gestures as if
  in dancing

15
Text Painting by Marenzio

• In Solo e pensoso, how many examples are cited in
  the chart on page 166? Select one or two to
  locate by measure numbers.

16
Maddalena Casulana

• First professional woman composer to see her
  vocal music in print

17
The Villanella

• A subgenre to the madrigal with sometimes vulgar
  texts in a local dialect
• The work by Lassus, Matona mia cara, is a witty
  example of this repertory

18
Lied

• German word for song
• A Tenorlied is a song with a well-known tune in
  the tenor voice

19
Meistersinger guilds

• Tradesmen and craftsmen accepted into the guilds
  because of their singing skills.
• Richard Wagner wrote an opera about the
  Meistersinger.

20
El Maestro by Luis Milán

• First collection of printed music for the vihuela
  and also the first publication of its kind to
  indicate performance tempos

21
In England

• Italian madrigal transplanted there through MSS
  in the 1560s and then in a series of publications
• Shakespeare plays The Taming of the Shrew, The
  Two Gentlemen of Verona, Romeo and Juliet, The
  Merchant of Venice
• The Morley madrigal is composed of vertically
  identifiable chords in the texted portions of Now
  is the Month of Maying.

22
Sir James Melville

• Had the Queen heard that story before?

23
The Lute Song

• It is basically a strophic madrigal and a work
  where the upper voice is consistently the most
  melodic.

24
The Reformation

• Martin Luthers list nailed to the door of the
  castle church in Wittenberg in 1517
• His musical skills lutenist, flutist, singer,
  composer admired Josquin des Prez
• German congregational hymn chorale
• Johann Walter (1496-1570) most prominent of 1st
  generation of composers who wrote for the
  Protestant liturgy Ein feste Burg (1551)

25
Calvin and Zwingli

• Music in worship
• Jean Calvin
• Banned instrumental music
• Unaccompanied Psalm singing only
• Ulrich Zwingli
• No music at all in the liturgy
• Ordered destruction of organs

26
Henry VIII

• In 1527, declared Church of England independent
  of Rome after the Pope refused to annul his
  marriage to Catherine of Aragon

27
The Church of England

• The first Book of Common Prayer published in 1549

28
The Anthem

• English began to replace Latin in the liturgy
• Communion service continued as in the Mass
• Composers began to write motets in English thus
  producing a genre known as the anthem
• Two types full anthem (for choir) and verse
  anthem (choir and solo alternating)
• Composers Christopher Tye, Thomas Tallis,
  William Byrd
• Your analytical observations of Sing Joyfully
  unto God by Byrd

29
The Counter-Reformation

• Martin Luther excommunicated in 1521
• Council of Trent (1545-47 1551-52 (1562-63)
• Formulate doctrines of faith
• Revise the liturgy
• Purge the church of various old practices,
  including sale of indulgences
• Declaration re sacred music serve the text which
  should be clear and intelligible to listeners

30
Palestrina

• Important features of the Missa Papae Marcelli

31
Instrumental Music of the 16th C.

• Intabulations Vocal works arranged for a plucked
  stringed instrument or a keyboard
• Variations State a theme and then embellish it
  several times usually for keyboard
• Abstract works freely composed no established
  scheme or vocal model (ricercar, fantasia,
  toccata, canzona, prelude)
• Dance music (most common types on pp. 181-182)

32
Three Freely Structured Types

• Ricercar Seeks out a particular mode or thematic
  idea runs and passage work abound imitative by
  16th c. contrapuntal manipulation of the theme
  Andrea Gabrieli ricercar on the 12th tone (Ionian
  mode)
• Toccata sectional no pre-existent material
• Fantasia Limited only by the composers
  imaginative fantasy

33
Four Popular Dance Types

• Pavane slow, courtly, in duple meter
• Bourrée lively, duple meter, prominent upbeat at
  the beginning of each section
• Galliarde lively like a saltarello but even more
  vigorous, large leaps by the dancers
• Branle line dance, in duple meter, sometimes in
  triple

34
Periodic Phrase Structure

• Many modular units of equal length
• (Example Anthology, 66, p. 142)

35
Syntactic Form

• Results when a central idea is presented and
  varied over the course of an entire movement in
  contrast to paratactic form, in which each new
  section presents an essentially new idea.

36
Musical Mannerism

• Manifested in a small but important repertory of
  works, sacred and secular, written in the second
  half of the 16th c. characterized by a
  comparable process of distortion, extreme
  dissonance, unusual harmonic progressions,
  exaggerated word painting

37
Vicentino and Ancient Chromaticism

• His modified harpsichord had two manuals and 132
  keys, dividing each octave into 31 intervals
• He contended that the tempo should move according
  to the words

38
The Prolific Lassus

• More than 2,000 compositions