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CIRCULARS

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Title: CIRCULARS


1
CIRCULARS GENERAL TARIFF of the authorities
related with Suez Canal Transit and operation
activities
2
Contents
  • Important Decrees Resolutions issued by the
    Egyptian Ministry of transportation in regard of
    Suez Canal Transit, Pilotage Port Said Port
    Authority dues.
  • General Tariff of Port Said Container Cargo
    Handling Terminal.
  • Quarantine dues.
  • Egyptian Authority of Maritime Safety dues.
  • Canal Mooring Lighting Co., Dues.
  • Dues of the Authority of Egyptian Ports Security
    (Port Said Police Direction)

3
1- Egyptian Ministry of TransportationImportant
Decrees Resolutions issued by the Egyptian in
regard of Suez Canal Transit, Pilotage Port
Said Port Authority dues.
4
Translation of decree 181/2004 Issued
on 26/5/2004Related to granting reductions to
vessels carrying containers in transit at
Egyptian Ports on the dues set by law No. 24 for
the year 1983 and its amendmentsThe Minister
of Transport, having considered the following
Law No. 24 for the year 1983 and its
amendments, related to pilotage, compensations,
port and light dues and berthing and stay dues
Presidential Decree No. 57 for the year 2002
related to determining the authorities and
responsibilities of the Ministry of Transport
Decree of the Minister of Transport No. 522 for
the year 2003, related to reductions to vessels
carrying containers in transit at Egyptian ports
on dues set by law No. 24 for the year 1983 and
its amendmentsAuthorization by the higher board
of ports on 22/5/2004.
5
RESOLVED ARTICLE ONEArticle one of the
Ministerial Decree No. 522 for the year 2003 to
be amended as followsThe pilotage dues, port
and light dues and berthing and stay dues set by
Law No. 24 for the year 1983 and its amendments,
for the container vessels and Ro/Ros carrying
more than 500 transshipment containers at
Egyptian Ports are to be reduced by 30.
ARTICLE TWOThe relevant authorities shall
enforce the provisions of the present decree.
ARTICLE THREEThis decree shall be published in
the official Egyptian Gazette and take effect as
from 1/7/2004. Minister of Transport
Hamdy El Shayeb
6
  • Translation of Decree 332/2003 Issued on
    16/7/2003
  • Article No. 1 Shipping agency fees, mentioned
    in the following, shall take
  • effect in all Egyptian ports and for transiting
    Suez Canal and their outcome
  • shall be for Marine Transport Sector account.
  • (A) The Original Dues

Item Details Fees U.S Dollar Fees U.S Dollar
(1) G.R.T of vessels One port Two ports or Transiting Suez Canal
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 Vessels up to 3000 ton Vessels from 3000 to 5000 ton Vessels from 5000 to 10000 ton Vessels from 10000 to 20000 ton Vessels from 20000 to 40000 ton Over 40000 ton for each 10000 ton 250 300 400 500 600 50 400 450 600 750 900 75
7
(B) Tourist and passenger vessels
Item Details Fees U.S Dollar Fees U.S Dollar
One port Two ports Transiting Suez Canal
2-1 2-2 up to 15000 ton over 15000 ton 400 600 450 900
8
(3) Other marine units
Item Details Fees U.S Dollar Fees U.S Dollar
One port Two ports Transiting Suez Canal
3-1 3-2 Tourist yachts longer than 60 meter. Traction engines 90 200 150 300
9
  • B- Additional Dues
  • The fees mentioned above shall cover berthing of
    the vessels for 5 days provided that 25 U.S
    dollar shall be added for each extra day or part
    of the day.
  • General condition
  • Tourist yachts, less than 60 m., shall be
    exempted from the fees of shipping agency.
  • 50 discount granted to passenger vessels,
    tourist vessels and yachts longer than 60 m.
  • Agency fees shall be collected to Marine
    Transport Sector from foreign vessels in U.S
    Dollar.
  • Shipping agent shall deserve 40.00 LE collection
    fees for Marine Transport Sector agency fees per
    each vessel according to Minister of Transport
    decree No. 137/1994.

10
  • Article No. 2
  • Agency fees shall be collected for Marine
    Transport Sector account from Egyptian vessels in
    Egyptian pound as per same items mentioned in
    article No. 1, taking into consideration that one
    dollar equals one Egyptian pound.
  • Article No. 3
  • Competent authorities must carry out this
    decree, abolishing any other dissenting decree.
  • Article No. 4
  • This decree shall be published in the Egyptian
    Gazette and will come into force from the date of
    its publication.
  • Minister of Transport
  • Hamdy Elshaib

11
RESOLUTIONMinistry of TransportNo 395 year
2003Issued on 21/8/2003Regarding the
remuneration of the Shipping AgencyAt the
Egyptian ports and transiting the Suez Canal
  • Ministry of Transport
  • After consideration of
  • The Law No 61 year 1963 for the promulgation of
    the general authorities law.
  • The Law No 6 year 1963 for the creation of the
    general authority of Alexandria Port.
  • The Law No 88 year 1980 for the creation of the
    general authority of Port Said port.
  • The resolution of the President of the Republic
    No 217 year 1978 for the creation of the general
    authority of the Red Sea ports.
  • The resolution of the president of the Republic
    No 317 year 1985 for the creation of the Damietta
    port authority.
  • The resolution of the president of the Republic
    No 494 year 1986 for the creation of the El
    Dekhela port authority.

12
  • The resolution of the president of the Republic
    No 57 year 2002 to organize the ministry of
    transport.
  • The resolution of the ministry of transport and
    communication No 70 year 1987 (maritime
    transport) and its modifications regarding the
    tariff for berthing and the services at the Canal
    area and the Egyptian ports at Suez gulf and Red
    Sea to make the accounting with owners of the
    foreign vessels and the Egyptian vessels which
    are treated as the foreign vessels in
    matter of currency.
  • The resolution of the ministry of transport and
    communication No 73 year 1987 (maritime
    transport) and its modifications concerning the
    tariff for the dues and services at Alexandria
    port for making the accounting between the
    Shipping agencies and the owners and the
    furnishers of the foreign vessels and the
    Egyptian vessels which are treated in matter of
    currency as the foreign vessels.
  • The resolution of the minister of transport and
    communication No 148 year 1991 (maritime
    transport) and its modifications concerning the
    tariff for the dues and services at Port Said
    port, Suez port and Red Sea Ports (in Egyptian
    Pounds).

13
  • The resolution of the minister of transport and
    communication No 31 year 1998 (maritime
    transport) and its modifications concerning the
    determination of the remuneration for the
    enjoyment of the granted licenses to practice the
    maritime transport works.
  • The resolution of the minister of transport and
    communication No 29 year 2002 (maritime
    transport) regarding the decrease of the agency
    remuneration for touristic and yachts vessels.
  • The resolution of the minister of transport No 75
    year 2003 regarding the minimum remuneration of
    the shipping agency in the Egyptian ports and the
    transiting of Suez Canal.

14
It has
been decided

Article OneThis resolution
is to be applied in all the Egyptian ports and on
the vessels transiting the Suez Canal.
Remuneration of the Shipping
AgentFor the vessels working on regular and
non-regular lines and the containers vessels in
the Egyptian Ports and the vessels transiting the
Suez Canal.
15
Clause 1 Remuneration of the Shipping Agent
Clause Type of vessel Form To Sum in USD
Clause Type of vessel G.R.T G.R.T Sum in USD
1-1 All Kinds Of Vessels Up to 3000 300
1-2 All Kinds Of Vessels 3001 5000 500
1-3 All Kinds Of Vessels 5001 10000 750
1-4 All Kinds Of Vessels 10001 20000 1000
1-5 All Kinds Of Vessels 20001 40000 1250
1-6 All Kinds Of Vessels Over 40000 For each extra 10000 ton 50 dollars with a maximum of 1500 dollars for the vessel
16
  • The mentioned remunerations cover the mooring of
    the vessel for a period of 5 days. The sum of 50
    US Dollars is added for each additional day or
    part of a day.
  • A special deduction of 50 is granted from the
    remuneration for the shipping agent for the
    vessels which come regularly to the port to be
    supplied with fuel or to enter the dry dock or
    for provisions or for changing the crew or for an
    unexpected repair or any other services without
    performing any commercial work inside the port.
  • A deduction of 50 is granted when the shipping
    agent is agent of the owners of the vessels or
    when the vessel is chartered to others- that is
    to say that the agent is protecting agent for the
    owner and the crew only Also the same deduction
    of 50 is granted when the shipping agent is an
    agent for a chartered vessel- that is to say a
    protecting agent for the charterer.
  • A special deduction of 50 is granted from the
    remuneration of the shipping agent is respect of
    the touristic and passengers vessels.
  • The shipping agent is charged to pay for the
    license to practice the shipping agency works
    mentioned in the ministerial resolution No 31
    year 1998 and any further modifications.

17
Clause 2 The change of the crew
  • In addition to the special effective cost and
    expenses the berthing the entry visa - the
    consular fees the customs dues the
    accommodation at the hotel the transport the
    customs clearance at the airport and maritime
    ports etc.

Clause 3 Bank charges
Are counted on the basis of 0.001 (per thousand)
from the D.A. (Disbursement Account).
Clause 4 The sums delivered to the Master
Are counted on the basis of 1 from the gross
total amount delivered in cash, with a minimum
of 35 US Dollars and a maximum of 1000 dollars.
18
Clause 5 Delivery of parcels and spare
partsThese include the customs clearance
charges at the arrival airport the transport
the delivery the transit guarantee and the
expenses of the shipping agent.
5-1 Less than 20 kilograms 150 US Dollars
5-2 From 20 up to 50 Kilograms 200 US Dollars
5-3 From 50 up to 100 Kilograms 300 US Dollars
  • Remark
  • In case the parcel exceeds 100 kilograms the
    sum of 25 dollars is added
  • for each 25 kilograms.
  • The expenses of the cranes and elevators and
    the expenses of storing
  • are added in case there is a need for them.

19
  • Clause 6 Proceedings of
    actions
  • The commission of the agent is determined by
    agreement.
  • Clause 7 General and different expenses
    (other shipping
    services)
    inside the ports and transiting the Suez Canal
  • The shipping agent is in charge to perform
    the shipping services according to the effective
    costs, added to it 15 as administrative expenses
    and remuneration in favor the shipping agent from
    the owners of the vessels .this services include
    the following as for example
  • Post-stamps and petty expenses (local)
  • Expenses for Arabic translation.
  • Stamp duty of customs manifesto documents
  • Permits for the crew to get up and off the vessel
  • Rent of a car for the use of the agent
  • Cost of communications (local)
  • Cost of photocopy of papers
  • Rent of a motor boat for the service of (passport
    and immigration- the quarantine the customs and
    the port police).

20
  • Clause 8 commission of the shipping agent on
    the freight of the general cargo for the vessels
    working on non-irregular lines
  • Deserve a commission on the freight cargo 1 from
    the agreed freight.
  • Clause 9 the commission of the shipping agent
    for the freight the liquid and dry for the
    vessels working on regular liners
  • The sum of 400 American dollars is collected up
    the quantities of 10000 tons. In respect of the
    quantities which exceed 10000 tons 25 dollars
    are added for every 1000 tons.
  • Clause 10 The commission of the shipping agent
    for cargo of potatoes seeds
  • 15 American cents for every ton (1000 kg).
  • The resolution of the minister of transport No
    180 year 2003 regarding the manner to use the
    subscriptions in the sea club.
  • The resolution of the minister of transport No
    332 year 2003 regarding the categories of the
    shipping agency in all Egyptian ports and the
    transiting in Suez Canal to which the collected
    amounts will go in favor the Maritime Transport
    Sector.

21
  • Clause 11 Commission of the shipping agent on
    the cargo freight transported on cargo vessels
    and containers of the regular lines
  • 1- Commission on imported cargo 2
  • 2- Commission for demurrage , charged on the
    agent 1
  • 3- Commission for collecting freight collected
    by the agent 0.5
  • 4- Remuneration for services for each stuffed
    container
  • (Imported or exported) 3 dollars
  • 5- Remuneration for services for each container
    in transit 2 dollars

  • Clause 12 Expenses of watchmen
  • 15 American dollars for one shift as minimum (the
    shift is eight hours)

22
  • Third The granted commissions for the
    International Transport Companies freight
    forwards for cargo on regular lines and charges
    in return for the imported goods in containers
    for the dealing between the forwarding agent and
    the consignees of the goods

1- The international transport companies which
are registered at the international transport
services department affiliated to the chambers
of commerce are granted a ( FAC) Forwarders
Address commission- amounting to 2.5 from the
net value of the maritime freight ( basic rate )
from port to port without increases or the
expenses of handling of interior transport
according to the volume of the cargo in case of
agreement. 2- In case the goods arrived by
house B/L, necessary to endorse of the shipping
line by the forwarding agent, the sum of 125
pounds as maximum is to be paid for each B/L.
23
Fourth Remuneration of the shipping agency with
The shippers and the consignees of the cargo
  • A) In respect of the imported and exported goods

Statement Imported goods Exported goods
Brokerage fees (in case the shipping agency does not perform the unloading ) 0.40 pounds ton/meter which is bigger Nil
Administrative expenses in case the shipping agency performs the unloading general goods Container 20 F-20 F Photocopy of manifest Stamps post notices Payment to containers 2.50 pound ton/meter which is bigger 10 on the value of the container invoice Nil Nil
24
B) In respect of the imported goods in transit by
land from the other ports
Statement Imported goods Exported goods
Unloading expenses 225 Egyptian pound for the container 450 Egyptian pound for the container
Reshipment expenses of empty containers 120 Egyptian pound for the container 240 Egyptian pound for the container
Loading expenses 80 Egyptian pound for the container 120 Egyptian pound for the container
Representation expenses 15 Egyptian pound for the container 30 Egyptian pound for the container
25
C) Remuneration for the imported goods on Ro
ships and ferries and Ro/Ro on the traditional
quays outside the containers stations (To make
the account between the shipping agent and the
consignees of the goods) in Egyptian pounds.
For more details, Please click on the following
icon to open.
D) Remuneration for the imported goods on Ro
ships and ferries and Ro/Ro on the traditional
quays outside the containers stations (To make
the account between the shipping agent and the
consignees of the goods) in Egyptian pounds.
For more details, Please click on the following
icon to open.
26
  • E) Other Expenses
  • Expenses for the delivery of the policy permit -
    75 Egyptian pounds (imported goods) Exported
    goods (Nil).
  • Policy expenses export 10 Egyptian pounds (
    exported goods)
  • Expenses for stamp of the export for containers
    20 F 40 F ( seal ) 5 pounds for the container
    ( one )
  • Official expenses According to the official
    cost
  • Remark
  • This is other than the sales tax
  • Petroleum gods exempted from the intermediary
    fees.
  • F) In respect of goods received in participated
    containers
  • Expenses for delivery of permit 7 administrative
    expenses 75 Egyptian pounds .
  • Expenses for handling containers from the vessel
    unit delivery at the warehouses including fees
    (Minimum 2 tons) Freight Ton for each policy 80
    Egyptian pounds per Ton weight or size.

27
  • In respect of the dangerous goods the
    following rates are added in addition to the
    handling expenses
  • 50 Degree level 1-5-7
  • 40 Degree level 2
  • 30 Degree level 3-6-8
  • 20 Degree level 4-9
  • In case of arrival of goods for the same
    consignee with many B/L inside one container
    the accounting is done as a full container FCL in
    addition to 50 pounds for each B/L as
    administrative expenses.
  • G) In respect of the exported Egyptian goods to
    abroad in participated containers
  • Expenses of the policy and the administrative
    expenses 25 Egyptian pounds for each policy
    handling expenses of goods (includes the
    handling of the containers from the storing yard
    until the shipment on board of the vessel)
    Minimum 50 pounds for the consignment 35
    Egyptian pounds for ton weight or size.

28
Fifth Expenses for the yard and watching in
Egyptian Pounds
For more details, Please click on the following
icon to open.
  • Second Article
  • The Shipping Agent will collect 25 U.S.D from the
    foreign vessels which come regularly to the
    Egyptian ports and the value for the subscription
    at the Seamen Club The collect amounts in full
    will be remitted by the Port Authority of The
    Maritime Transport Sector The distribution of
    these amounts will e done according to the
    provision of the third article of the ministerial
    resolution No180 year 2003.
  • Third Article
  • The dues for the ships hoisting the Egyptian flag
    will be counted according to the same fees
    mentioned in the first article on the basis that
    the dollar is equivalent to the Egyptian pounds.

29
  • Fourth Article
  • All the administrations licensed to practice the
    Shipping Agency Works in the Egyptian ports have
    to give notice to The Maritime Transport Sector
    about the remuneration of these services in
    conformity with what is mentioned in this
    resolution. In case of non-informing the
    Authority- the mentioned remuneration in this
    resolution will be considered effective upon
    which the license will be responsible for the
    account in front of the State Administration.
  • Fifth Article
  • The fees will be reconsidered every three years
    or if there is necessity for that.
  • Sixth Article
  • The concerned Authorities have to execute this
    resolution each in his concern Our resolution
    No 75 year 2003 is cancelled as also is
    cancelled any other resolution contrary to that.
  • Seventh Article
  • This resolution has to be published in the
    Egyptian Journal and is effective starting from
    1/10/2003.
  • Minister of Transport

    Eng. Hamdy
    Elshayeb

30
Minister of Transport's Decree No. 520 for the
year 2003issued on 19/11/2003Concerning the
conditions and regulationsFor granting licenses
to practice business related to Maritime
Transport inEgyptian Ports
  • The Minister of Transport
  • After considering the following
  • Law No. 354 for the year 1956 related to banning
    persons convicted in
  • narcotics or smuggling cases or those suspected
    of committing crimes or
  • vagabonding in violation of the provisions of Law
    No. 98 for the year 1954
  • from entrance into customs zones at ports and
    airports.
  • Law No. 12 for the year 1964 establishing the
    Egyptian General Authority for
  • Maritime Transport, amended by Law No. 1
    for the year 1998.
  • Law No. 42 for the year 1967 related to the
    delegation of authorities.

31
  • Presidential Decree No. 57 for the year 2002
    related to determining the authorities and
    responsibilities of the Ministry of Transport
  • Decree of the Minister of Transport and
    Communications No. 31 for the year 1998 (Maritime
    Transport), related to determining fees for
    licenses granted for performing maritime
    transport and related business.
  • Decree of the Minister of Transport and
    Communications No. 86 for the year 1998 (Maritime
    Transport), related to keeping the rules and
    provisions regulating the licenses for
    provisioning ships and maritime works issued
    prior to the enforcement of decrees No. 30 and 31
    for the year 1998 in force.
  • Decree of the Minister of Transport No. 85 for
    the year 2000 (Maritime Transport) prohibiting
    providers of maritime services from dealing with
    the masters of foreign vessels except through
    shipping agents.

32
  • Decree of the Minister of Transport No. 28 for
    the year 2001, related to the membership of those
    licensed to perform maritime transport and
    related works in the related Chamber of Shipping.
  • Decree of the Minister of Transport No. 680 for
    the year 2001 concerning the conditions and
    regulations for granting licenses to perform
    works related to Maritime Transport.
  • Decree of the Minister of Transport No. 566 for
    the year 2002 concerning the conditions and
    regulations for performing activities in Egyptian
    Ports.
  • The ministerial decrees regulating fees for
    services rendered in Egyptian Ports.
  • The approval of the High Council for Ports during
    its meeting held on 22/10/2003.

33
  • RESOLVED
  • ARTICLE ONE
  • The conditions and regulations attached to this
    decree are applicable to licenses to perform the
    following activities related maritime transport
    in ports
  • 1- Stevedoring for the following types of
    vessels
  • a) general cargo including containers handled
    outside of container yards
  • b) dry bulk
  • c) liquid bulk
  • d) containers
  • 2- Shipping agency
  • 3- Maintenance and ship repair outside of the dry
    and floating docks
  • 4- Supplying ships with provisions
  • 5- Marine Supplies (Ship Chandling)
  • 6- Storage and warehousing
  • 7- Marine works
  • These activities may not be performed by those
    who have not been licensed.

34
  • ARTICLE TWO
  • The boards of the Port Authorities shall lay down
    the rules and regulations for other activities
    performed inside ports which fall under the scope
    of their authority and not mentioned in Article
    No. 1. These rules and regulations shall be
    revised by the Permanent Committee for Licenses,
    established within the Maritime Transport Sector
    and approved by the Minister of Transport. The
    related port authority shall issue the necessary
    licenses or contracts for performance of these
    activities.
  • ARTICLE THREE
  • Companies which obtained licenses prior to the
    issuance of this decree must adjust their
    circumstances accordingly within one year of the
    date when this decree comes into effect and they
    must also abide by the regulations of Ministerial
    Decree No. 566 for the year 2002.
  • ARTICLE FOUR
  • Ministerial Decree No. 86 for the year 1998
    related to keeping the rules and provisions
    regulating the licenses for vessel provisioning
    and maritime works in force shall remain
    applicable.

35
  • ARTICLE FIVE
  • The decision to grant or renew licenses to
    perform shipping agency activities are to be
    issued by the Permanent Committee for Licenses,
    to be established within the Maritime Transport
    Sector. The committee shall meet once every six
    months or whenever the need arises and the
    results of its work are to be approved by the
    Minister of Transport.
  • ARTICLE SIX
  • Approval may be granted to establish specialized
    investment projects within ports or to perform
    activities related to maritime transport
    (handling containers, grains or bulk liquids,
    shipbuilding and repair, etc.) through contracts
    or commitment contracts and in accordance with
    the general plan for the port, provided that a
    feasibility study for the project is presented in
    addition to the required plans and documents and
    that the necessary authorizations are obtained
    for the project from the relevant authorities
    after presenting the matter to the Port
    Authority's Board of Directors and obtaining the
    Minister of Transport's approval and if
    necessary, presenting the matter to the Cabinet
    of Ministers.

36
  • ARTICLE SEVEN
  • The port authorities shall evaluate the licensee
    on a yearly basis in order to determine the value
    added by the licensee to the port's capabilities
    and the extent of his compliance with the rules
    and decrees regulating work in the port during
    the previous period. The licensee shall present
    an annual report to the relevant port authority
    including the volume of business during the year
    resulting from the activity he was licensed to
    perform in detail, a list of the equipment and
    machines added and documentation demonstrating
    due payment of taxes and presentation of the tax
    declaration within the required time limit
    according to the law and payment of social
    security dues for the activity and the people
    employed in it in addition to payment of sales
    taxes. If these documents are not presented
    within three months of the end of the fiscal
    year, the port authority may freeze the license
    granted after referring the matter to the
    Minister of Transport.

37
  • ARTICLE EIGHT
  • The licensee or the party entering into a
    contract with the port authority to perform the
    activities mentioned in this decree within ports
    shall comply with all regulations, standards and
    instructions issued by the port authority related
    to occupational and environmental safety,
    security and health. The licensee must execute
    any instructions issued by the Port Authority
    within a maximum of 15 days from the date of
    receiving written notice. If the licensee does
    not comply with instructions, the port authority
    may freeze the license or the instructions may be
    executed by the port authority at the licensee's
    expense in addition to 25 covering
    administration and technical supervision costs
    according to the type and extent of the
    violation.
  • ARTICLE NINE
  • All relevant authorities are to enforce the
    provisions of this decree and any contradictory
    regulation is to be canceled.
  • ARTICLE TEN
  • This decree shall be published in the Egyptian
    Gazette and shall come into force starting on
    1/1/2004.
  • Minister of
    Transport
  • Eng. Hamdy El
    Shayeb
  • (Signed)

38
CONDITIONS AND REGULATIONS FOR GRANTING LICENSES
TO PERFORM ACTIVITIES RELATED TO MARITIME
TRANSPORTOne Definitions
  • A) General cargo
  • Consists of all goods which are shipped or
    discharged packed, unpacked or in containers
    except dry bulk cargo and liquid bulk cargo.
  • B) Dry Bulk cargo
  • Consists of all goods that are discharged or
    shipped onboard vessels in dry bulk state even if
    a packing operation is carried out at a later
    stage (e.g. coal, iron ore, grains, etc.)
  • C) Liquid Bulk cargo
  • Consists of all liquid goods that are discharged
    or shipped in a liquid state.

39
  • E) Shipping agency operations
  • Consist of the following activities performed by
    a licensed agent
  • 1- All operations required by the vessel and the
    crew on behalf of the owner or operator during
    the vessels stay at the port or transit of the
    Suez Canal.
  • 2- Payment of the dues, charges and costs owed to
    the authorities and to the other parties
  • 3- Collection of freight owed to owners or
    operators.
  • 4- Participation in negotiations for the
    purchase or sale of a vessel.
  • 5- Participation in signing charter party
    contracts.
  • 6- The shipping agent may perform the work of a
    freight forwarder on behalf of the shippers.
  • F) Ship maintenance and repair operations outside
    the docks
  • They consist of maintenance and light repairs of
    the vessel's hull, decks, engines and auxiliary
    machines and dismantling, fixing and repair of
    electrical equipment and machinery which do not
    require the entrance of the vessel into a dock.
    These works are usually carried out at the port
    anchorage or at quays dedicated to such
    operations by the port authority.

40
  • G) Vessel supply operations
  • They include supplying the vessel with water,
    fuel and oils at quays or anchorage using inland
    means or boats licensed to perform these
    operations.
  • H) Marine Supplies (Ship Chandling)
  • This includes supplying the vessel with spare
    parts, paints, various food products, cleaning
    equipment, safety equipment and all that the
    shipping agent or master many request and
    everything required for the vessel except for
    water, fuel and oils.
  • I) Storage and warehouses
  • This includes the use of warehouses, covered
    areas and yards dedicated by Port Authorities for
    the performance of this activity to store
    imported/exported goods on behalf of others until
    the release and exit of the goods from the port
    in accordance with the conditions and rules
    regulating this activity.
  • J) Marine Works
  • These include cleaning of the vessels holds,
    painting, scrapping, light repairs to containers,
    providing barges and floats to the vessel and
    crew, disposing of sludge and garbage whether
    liquid or solid using units licensed for this
    activity, maintenance of fixed and floating
    marine units and any other activities designated
    by Port Authorities.

41
  • Two General Conditions
  • The applicant for a license to perform the
    activities mentioned in Article One of the
    present decree should fulfill the following
    conditions
  • 1- A company or individual establishment of
    Egyptian Nationality having its head office in
    the Arab Republic of Egypt, specifying the
    permanent address of the head office and
    presenting a copy of the ownership or lease
    document.
  • 2- The activity to be licensed should be stated
    among the companys purposes.
  • 3- The company wishing to obtain a license to
    perform these activities should present an
    application to the relevant port authority or to
    the Maritime Transport Sector related to the
    performance of shipping agency activities
    accompanied by the following documents

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  • a- The establishment contract of the company
  • b-The legal representative of the company and his
    previous experience and qualifications
  • c-The organizational structure of the company and
    human resources including the workforce at all
    levels and the previous experience of the
    company's top management.
  • d- Details of the equipment owned or controlled
    by the company, stating technical
    specifications, manufacturing date, efficiency
    and suitability.
  • e- Notification of foreign labor to be appointed
    and information related to them and foreign
    partners, if any, and security authorizations for
    them.
  • f- Commercial register.
  • g- Tax registration and documents demonstrating
    registration for Sales Taxes, provided that these
    documents are authorized by the relevant
    authority. A certificate for exemption from
    sales taxes is to be presented for activities
    related to export.

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  • h-The area of the land for which a license is
    being sought and its location in the port for
    storage and maintenance of heavy equipment.
  • i-Architectural drawings for the buildings to be
    constructed approved by an engineering consultant
    office.
  • j-Certificates of technical worthiness for all
    equipment approved by an accredited supervisory
    party in addition to documents proving that the
    said equipment is under the companys control.
  • k-The work methods the company shall use in
    operating and maintaining its equipment.
  • l-Quality assurance methods followed by the
    company.
  • m-Occupational Health Safety methods followed
    by the company during its work.
  • n-The name of the persons responsible for
    industrial safety, quality control and assurance
    and equipment operation and their previous
    experience.

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  • o-Any other information that the applicant wishes
    to add to this study.
  • p-Criminal Status certificate (for companies
    consisting of individuals).
  • 4- Applicants undertake to present all
    information and details related to the companys
    activities requested by the License Committee or
    Port Authority or security authorities in
    addition to any modifications which occur during
    the license period.
  • 5- If all documents mentioned in the previous
    item are presented, the matter is presented to
    the Permanent License Committee of the Maritime
    Transport Sector or to the relevant Port
    Authority Board of Directors according to the
    type of license requested in order to issue a
    decision for the granting of the license.
  • 6- The port authority in whose area the project
    is located shall set the necessary methods for
    ensuring the proper and regular flow of work and
    ascertaining that the license conditions have
    been fulfilled.

45
  • 7- The licensee shall comply with the provisions
    of Ministerial decree No. 566 for the year 2002
    related to the conditions and limits required for
    the performance of some activities in addition to
    the ministerial decrees issued in relation to the
    fees for services rendered in Egyptian Ports and
    the amendments to these decrees and new decrees
    related to this matter. The licensee undertakes
    to present a list of its declared prices to the
    permanent committee formed for this purpose
    within the Maritime Transport Sector or the Port
    authority with which the licensee signed the
    contract.
  • 8- The license may not be assigned or transferred
    to a third party nor may a subcontractor be used
    unless the matter is first referred to the
    relevant Port Authority. Exception for licenses
    to which the decree of the Minister of Transport
    and Communications No. 86 for the year 1998
    "Maritime Transport" applies, the license
    committee or the relevant Port Authority,
    depending on the case, may transfer the license
    to a first degree relative of the licensee after
    ascertaining that he performed the activity with
    the original licensee for a period of at least
    one year.

46
  • 9- Upon applying for renewal of the license, the
    licensee must present proof that the Tax
    Authority has received a tax declaration for the
    previous license period in addition to Sales Tax
    registration in accordance with the Sales Tax
    Law.
  • 10- If it is proven that the licensed company did
    not comply with the conditions and limits
    mentioned in this decree or violated the
    governing laws, decrees and regulations, the
    company will be warned then if it repeats the
    violation, it will be suspended from performing
    this activity for one month. Then if the
    violation is repeated a third time, the matter
    will be referred to the License Committee (for
    shipping agency) or to the relevant Port
    Authority Board of Directors (for other licenses)
    to consider the cancellation of the license.

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  • 11- Taking into consideration the provisions of
    the preceding article, licenses are to be
    cancelled in any of the following cases
  • Upon the licensees request.
  • - The dissolution of the company or its
    liquidation or expiry of its term.
  • - Licensee's misuse of the license granted and
    non-compliance with the terms and conditions in
    the present decree.
  • - The applicant does not perform the activity for
    one Gregorian year without acceptable reasons.
  • The cancellation is to be issued in the form of a
    decree from the Maritime Transport Sector or from
    the relevant Port Authority's Board of Directors
    depending on the type of license after presenting
    matter to the Minister of Transport.
  • 12- Shipping agency licenses are valid for use in
    all ports while licenses for other activities are
    granted for each port individually according to
    the license applicant's request.

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  • 13- Companies governed by the Investment Law that
    wish to obtain a license to perform a maritime
    activity which is not mentioned among the
    activities and fields specified in the Law for
    Investment Guarantees and Incentives No. 8 for
    the year 1997, shall comply with the conditions
    and regulations mentioned in the present decree
    and shall set up financial accounts and a
    separate financial position for this activity.
  • 14- Specification of the minimum rates for
    stevedoring works.

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  • Three Special Conditions
  • In addition to the general conditions, the
    licensee should take into consideration the
    following special conditions
  • 1- Stevedoring operations for container vessels,
    general cargo vessels including containers
    handled outside the yards and dry or liquid bulk
    vessels
  • Companies may be granted licenses to perform
    stevedoring operations for general cargo vessels,
    including containers to be handled on general
    cargo quays outside of container yards, and to
    perform stevedoring operations for dry and liquid
    bulk vessels in Egyptian ports under the
    following conditions and regulations
  • 1 - 1 The conditions mentioned in Ministerial
    Decree No. 566 for the year 2002 are applicable
    on current or new licenses for companies
    performing these activities.
  • 1 2 The issued capital for the company
    licensed to perform stevedoring operations should
    not be less than the following

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1-2-1 EGP 30 Million For general cargo vessels or for general cargo vessels including containers to be handled outside of container yards (not exceeding 50 containers per vessel).
1-2-2 EGP 30 Million For dry bulk vessels.
1-2-3 EGP 30 Million For liquid bulk vessels.
1-2-4 EGP 50 Million For general cargo vessels including containers (outside of container yards) and dry bulk vessels.
1-2-5 EGP 100 Million For container vessels
1-2-6 EGP 150 Million All stevedoring activities
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  • 1-2-7 The licensed company should own operating
    equipment valued at not less than 50 of the
    issued capital in addition to the necessary
    maintenance equipment to ensure quality and
    efficient performance in accordance with
    international standards, while complying with
    safety, security and environmental requirements.
    Certificates of technical fitness should be
    obtained from an accredited supervisory authority
    for all the equipment used by the license
    applicant or licensee. The license applicant or
    licensee should renew these certificates on
    expiry of their validity and all of the
    stevedoring equipment used including locks,
    shackles, scales and other equipment should have
    certificates of fitness issued by an accredited
    supervisory authority.
  • 1 3 Enclosed warehouses or horizontal or
    vertical silos with suitable capacities and areas
    that comply with the conditions mentioned in
    Ministerial decree No. 566 for the year 2002 must
    be available at the quay or port area for which
    the license to handle dry bulk cargo is being
    sought. It is also necessary for the license
    applicant to specify the type of bulk cargo that
    he wishes to be licensed to handle.

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  • 1 4 The licensee must have plans for human
    resource development and quality assurance. The
    company licensed to perform the activity must be
    committed to presenting an annual list of insured
    workers to the Port Authority in whose area the
    company works provided that the number of workers
    is commensurate to the companys equipment in
    such a way as to ensure the achievement of the
    required rates of performance.
  • 1 5 Stevedoring companies must provide a
    certified cheque or unconditional bank letter of
    guarantee as a preliminary bond as follows

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1- 5- 1 EGP 100,000 Stevedoring operations for general cargo vessels including containers Preliminary bond upon license approval, to be increased to EGP 500,000 as a final bond upon commencement of the activity.
1- 5- 2 EGP 100,000 Stevedoring operations for dry and liquid bulk vessels Preliminary bond upon license approval, to be increased to EGP 500,000 as a final bond upon commencement of the activity.
1- 5- 3 EGP 150,000 Stevedoring operations for general cargo vessels including containers outside of container yards (and dry bulk vessels) Preliminary bond upon license approval, to be increased to EGP 600,000 as a final bond upon commencement of the activity.
1- 5- 4 EGP 300,000 Stevedoring operations for container vessels Preliminary bond upon license approval, to be increased to EGP 900,000 as a final bond upon commencement of the activity.
1- 5- 5 EGP 350,000 All stevedoring activities Preliminary bond upon license approval, to be increased to EGP 1,200,000 as a final bond upon commencement of the activity.
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  • This bond is to remain up to the end of the
    license period either as a cash equivalent or an
    unconditional letter of guarantee.
  • 1 6 The period between approval of the license
    and commencement of the activity should not
    exceed six (6) months. However, the port
    authorities may increase this period according to
    the volume of the equipment or construction
    required.
  • 1 7 The stevedoring companies licensed to
    perform this activity are required to insure
    their liability towards third parties resulting
    from the licensed activity with an insurance
    company for an amount not less than EGP 250,000
    (two hundred and fifty thousand Egyptian Pounds)
    per incident in addition to insuring the port
    equipment and structures against all risks.
  • 1 8 The license is granted for ten years, which
    may be increased according to the volume of
    investment through negotiations with the relevant
    Port Authority. The license may be renewed upon
    the licensee's request after approval of the
    board of directors of the relevant port authority
    as long as the necessary conditions specified in
    this decree are met.

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  • 1 9 The party licensed to perform this activity
    shall pay a fee to the port authority in whose
    area the work is performed in return for the use
    of the license pursuant to the relevant
    regulatory decrees provided that the licensee
    specify the minimum fee to be paid annually to
    the port authority.
  • 1 10 The licensee must declare to the port
    authority in whose area the activity is performed
    the fee for performing the activity as directed
    by the governing decrees. The licensee must also
    declare performance rates for the activity.
  • 2- Shipping Agency Activities
  • Licenses may be granted to companies and
    individuals to perform shipping agency activities
    according to the following conditions and
    guidelines
  • 2 1 The shipping agent must have an
    organization with the requisite level of previous
    experience, a permanent site for the company and
    should be distinguished by having qualified
    personnel and using advanced information and
    communication systems allowing execution of this
    activity efficiently in keeping with the
    technical standards issued by the United Nations
    Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD (copy
    is attached). These conditions are evaluated by
    the Permanent License Committee at renewal.

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2 2 The issued capital should not be less than
the following
2-2-1 EGP 50,000 For shipping agency licenses granted for serving tourist yachts and vessels with gross registered tonnage up to 400 Tons.
2-2-2 EGP 250,000 For shipping agency licenses granted for serving vessels with gross registered tonnage up to 10000 Tons.
2-2-3 EGP 500,000 For shipping agency licenses granted for serving vessels with gross registered tonnage up to 25000 Tons.
2-2-4 EGP 750,000 For shipping agency licenses granted for serving vessels with unlimited tonnage.
57
2 3 Companies licensed to perform shipping
agency activities must provide a certified cheque
or unconditional bank letter of guarantee for the
following amounts
2-3-1 EGP 25,000 For shipping agency licenses granted for serving tourist yachts and vessels with gross registered tonnage up to 400 Tons.
2-3-2 EGP 125,000 For shipping agency licenses granted for serving vessels with gross registered tonnage up to 10000 Tons.
2-3-3 EGP 200,000 For shipping agency licenses granted for serving vessels with gross registered tonnage up to 25000 Tons.
2-3-4 EGP 250,000 For shipping agency licenses granted for serving vessels with unlimited tonnage.
58
  • To be used if the shipping agent does not comply
    with the conditions of the license related to
    payment of the amounts owed to the Maritime
    Transport Sector or Port Authorities after a
    maximum grace period of three months.
  • 2 - 4 The period between approval of the
    license and commencement of the activity should
    not exceed six (6) months.
  • 2 5 At the end of each year, the licensee must
    present a list of the vessels the shipping agent
    has served during the year to the Maritime
    Transport Sector. This list must be authenticated
    by the relevant Port Authority.
  • 2 6 The licensee is to be guided by the rates
    mentioned in the governing ministerial decrees.
    The licensee must notify the Maritime Transport
    Sector of the fees for services rendered.
  • 2 7 The shipping agent is committed to
    collecting fees owed to the Maritime Transport
    Sector as specified in the relevant governing
    ministerial decrees and to pay these fees to the
    relevant Port Authority to the account of the
    Maritime Transport Sector after deducting
    collection fees pursuant to the regulating
    decrees.

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  • 2 8 Transactions related to vessel accounts are
    to done through one of the accredited banks in
    the Arab Republic of Egypt provided that the
    shipping agent present related evidence to the
    Permanent Committee of the Maritime Transport
    Sector for granting shipping agency licenses.
  • 2 9 The license is to be granted for five years
    and registered in a specially prepared record.
    The license may afterwards be renewed for similar
    periods as long as the necessary conditions are
    fulfilled.
  • 2 10 The party licensed to perform this
    activity shall pay a fee to the port authority in
    whose area the work is performed in return for
    the use of the license pursuant to the relevant
    regulatory decrees.
  • 2 11 Cancellation of the license may be issued
    through a decree from the Minister of Transport
    stating reasons for the cancellation after
    fulfillment of the relevant legal and formal
    aspects related to the agency whose license to
    work is to be cancelled.

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  • 3- Vessel supply activities
  • Licenses may be granted to perform vessel supply
    activities according to the following conditions
    and guidelines
  • 3 1 The issued capital should not be less
    than one million Egyptian Pounds.
  • 3 2 Presentation of a comprehensive report
    concerning the types of vessel supply activities
    that the licensed company shall perform and the
    equipment and methods to be used in performing
    this activity .
  • 3 3 The license is to be granted for five
    years and may be renewed for other periods at the
    licensee's request as long as the necessary
    conditions are fulfilled.
  • 3 4 The party licensed to perform this
    activity shall pay a fee to the port authority in
    whose area the work is performed in return for
    the use of the license pursuant to the relevant
    regulatory decrees.
  • 3 - 5 The period between approval of the license
    and commencement of the activity should not
    exceed six (6) months.

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  • 4- Marine Supplies (Ship Chandling) activities
  • Licenses may be granted to perform marine supply
    (ship chandling) activities according to the
    following conditions and guidelines
  • 4 1 The issued capital should not be less than
    EGP 50,000 (fifty thousand Egyptian Pounds).
  • 4 2 Presentation of a comprehensive report
    concerning the types of marine supply (ship
    chandling) activities that the licensed company
    shall perform.
  • 4 3 The license is to be granted for five
    years and may be renewed for other periods at the
    licensee's request as long as the necessary
    conditions are fulfilled.
  • 4 4 The party licensed to perform this
    activity shall pay a fee to the port authority in
    whose area the work is performed in return for
    the use of the license pursuant to the relevant
    regulatory decrees.
  • 4 - 5 The period between approval of the license
    and commencement of the activity should not
    exceed six (6) months.

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  • 5- Vessel Maintenance activities
  • Licenses may be granted to perform vessel
    maintenance activities according to the following
    conditions and guidelines
  • 5 1 The issued capital should not be less than
    EGP 50,000 (fifty thousand Egyptian Pounds) for
    light maintenance activities and repairs to
    vessel equipment and devices.
  • 5 2 The license is to be granted for five
    years and may be renewed for other periods at the
    licensee's request as long as the necessary
    conditions are fulfilled.
  • 5 3 The party licensed to perform this
    activity shall pay a fee to the port authority in
    whose area the work is performed in return for
    the use of the license pursuant to the relevant
    regulatory decrees.
  • 5 4 The period between approval of the license
    and commencement of the activity should not
    exceed six (6) months.

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  • 6- Marine works
  • Licenses may be granted to perform marine works
    according to the following conditions and
    guidelines
  • 6 1 The issued capital should not be less than
    EGP 50,000 (fifty thousand Egyptian Pounds) for
    marine works.
  • 6 2 The license is to be granted for five
    years or for a longer period according to the
    volume of investments undertaken by the licensee.
    It may be renewed at the licensee's request as
    long as the necessary conditions are fulfilled as
    specified in this decree.
  • 6 3 The party licensed to perform this
    activity shall pay a fee to the port authority in
    whose area the work is performed in return for
    the use of the license pursuant to the relevant
    regulatory decrees.
  • 6 4 The period between approval of the license
    and commencement of the activity should not
    exceed six (6) months.

64
  • 7- Performance of storage and warehousing
    activities
  • Licenses may be granted to perform storage and
    warehousing activities according to the following
    conditions and guidelines
  • 7 1 The port authority is entitled to enter
    into a contract after advertising that it
    requires management of warehouses or yards to be
    specified by the port authority.
  • 7 2 The issued capital should not be less than
    EGP 10,000,000 (ten million Egyptian Pounds).
  • 7 - 3 The period between approval of the license
    and commencement of the activity should not
    exceed six (6) months. However, the port
    authorities may increase this period according to
    the volume of the equipment or construction
    required.
  • 7 4 The port authority shall determine the
    volume and area of the warehouses and yards in
    which the work is to be performed while taking
    into consideration the conditions specified in
    decree No. 566 for the year 2002.

65
  • 7 5 The license is granted for ten years in
    the port in which the work is to be performed
    according to the volume of investment. The
    license may be renewed upon the licensee's
    request as long as the necessary conditions are
    met as specified in this decree.
  • 7 6 The party licensed to perform this
    activity shall pay a fee to the port authority in
    whose area the work is performed in return for
    the use of the license pursuant to the relevant
    regulatory decrees.

66
  • Minister of Transport's
  • Decree No. 521 for the year 2003
  • issued on 19/11/2003
  • Related to fees for the use of licenses granted
    for performance of Maritime Transport and related
    activities in Egyptian Ports The Minister of
    Transport, having considered the following
  • Law No. 12 for the year 1964 establishing the
    Egyptian General Authority for Maritime
    Transport, amended by Law No. 1 for the year
    1998.
  • Law No. 1 for the year 1998 related to amending
    some of the provisions of Law No. 12 for the year
    1964
  • Presidential Decree No. 57 for the year 2002
    related to determining the authorities and
    responsibilities of the Ministry of Transport
  • Decree of the Minister of Transport and
    Communications No. 31 for the year 1998 (Maritime
    Transport), related to determining fees for
    licenses granted for performing maritime
    transport and related business.
  • Decree of the Minister of Transport No. 7 for
    the year 2000 related to setting the tariff for
    handling wheat received by the Supply Products
    Authority.

67
  • Our decree No. 520 for the year 2003 concerning
    the conditions and regulations for granting
    licenses to perform activities related to
    Maritime Transport in Egyptian Ports
  • Other information presented to us by the Head of
    the Maritime Transport Sector.
  • RESOLVED
  • ARTICLE ONE
  • The parties which have been granted licenses for
    Maritime Transport and related activities in
    Egyptian Ports are to pay the fees for use of the
    license issued in their favor as follows
  • One As concerns licenses for performance of
    Shipping Agency Activities
  • The shipping agent shall collect shipping agency
    fees mentioned in the Minister of Transport's
    decree No. 332 for the year 2003 on behalf of the
    Maritime Transport Sector after deducting
    collection fees pursuant to Article One of the
    said decree.

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  • The shipping agent shall pay the fee for use of
    the license to perform shipping agency activities
    at the rate of one Egyptian Pound (EGP 1.00) per
    ton of general, dry or liquid bulk or
    containerized cargo according to the vessel's
    manifest to the Port Authority in whose area the
    vessel is located or berthed. Wheat received for
    the Supply Products Authority shall be exempted
    from this fee.
  • The shipping agent shall pay the fee for use of
    the license for vessels transiting the Suez Canal
    as follows
  • a) Vessels with gross tonnage less than 1000 Tons
    shall be exempted from this fee.
  • b) U.S. Dollars 200.00 for vessels with gross
    tonnage of more than 1000 Tons and less than
    10000 Tons.
  • c) U.S. Dollars 250.00 for vessels with gross
    tonnage of more than 10000 Tons.
  • d) This fee is payable to the Port Said Port
    Authority or Red Sea Ports Authority depending on
    whether the vessel is in the Northbound or
    Southbound Convoy.

69
  • e) Tourist and passenger vessels are exempted
    from this fee.
  • Two As concerns licenses for performance of
    stevedoring activities
  • Dry Bulk
  • The fee for use of the license is EGP 2.50 per
    ton handled. However, for wheat received for the
    Supply Products Authority, the fee for use of the
    license is EGP 0.50 per ton handled.
  • This fee is payable to the Port Authority where
    the vessel is located or berthed.
  • General and liquid bulk cargo
  • The fee for use of the license is EGP 1.50 per
    ton handled. This fee is payable to the Port
    Authority where the vessel is located or berthed.

70
  • Containers
  • The fee for use of the license is payable as
    follows
  • EGP 20 per container (20 or 40) received and
    handled.
  • USD.1 per container (20) in transit.
  • USD.2 per container (40 or above) in transit.
  • This fee is payable to the Port Authority where
    the vessel is located or berthed.
  • Three As concerns licenses for performance of
    Storage and Warehousing activities
  • The fee for performance of storage and
    warehousing activities is payable at the rate of
    one Egyptian Pound (EGP 1) per ton handled per
    month. This fee is payable to the Port Authority
    in whose area the activity is being performed.
    (Fractions of a ton will be calculated as one ton
    and fractions of a month will be calculated as a
    full month).

71
  • Four The fee for performance of the following
    activities is payable at the rate of five
    thousand Egyptian Pounds (EGP 5000) for each
    activity (except for licenses for vessel supplies
    and marine works in force prior to the
    application of decrees No. 30 and 31 for the year
    2003 under which the Decree of the Minister of
    Transport and Communications No. 86 for the year
    1998 was issued)
  • a) Vessel supplies
  • b) Marine Supplies (Ship Chandling)
  • c) Vessel maintenance and repairs
  • d) Marine works
  • This fee is payable to the Port Authority where
    the licensee works.
  • ARTICLE TWO
  • Egyptian exports (Egyptian product) are exempted
    from the fee for the above-mentioned licenses.
  • ARTICLE THREE
  • The fees collected for the use of the
    above-mentioned licenses shall be used in
    developing and supporting existing ports and in
    construction of new ports.

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  • ARTICLE FOUR
  • The tariffs mentioned herein are applicable for
    all new licenses and for existing valid licenses.
    However, these tariffs shall not apply on
    activities established under contracts or
    commitment contracts.
  • ARTICLE FIVE
  • The competent authorities shall enforce the
    provisions of the present decree. The decree of
    the Minister of Transport and Communications No.
    31 for the year 2003 (Maritime Transport) and
    any contradicting provisions shall be cancelled.
  • ARTICLE SIX
  • This decree shall be published in the official
    Egyptian Gazette and shall come into force from
    the date of publishing.
  • Minister of Transport
  • Hamdy El Shayeb
  • (Signed)

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  • Minister of Transport's
  • Decree No. 522 for the year 2003
  • issued on 19/11/2003
  • Related to granting reductions to vessels
    carrying containers in transit at Egyptian Ports
    on the dues set by law No. 24 for the year 1983
    and its amendments
  • The Minister of Transport, having considered the
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