Unit 2 Invasive Species Management Hierarchy

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Strategies for Invasive Species Prevention
Unit 2 Invasive Species Management Hierarchy
Randy G. WestbrooksRebecca M. WestbrooksSteven
Manning
Global Invasive Species ProgrammeCape Town,
South Africa
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Unit 2 Objectives

• Outline Pre-Border and Border Strategies for IAS
  Management the first line of defense against
  IAS
• Describe the elements and processes involves with
  Early Detection and Rapid Response for preventing
  the establishment and spread of new IAS within a
  country
• Describe the various kinds of Control Strategies
  that are employed to contain and suppress large
  populations of IAS within a country

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Unit 2 Session Outline.

• Session 1
• Pre-Border and Border Strategies First Line of
  Defense Against IAS
• Session 2
• Post-Border Prevention Early Detection and
  Rapid Response Second Line of Defense
• Session 3
• Post-Border Control Strategies Third Line of
  Defense
• Session 4
• Traditional Agency Programs and Interagency
  Partnering

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Detection
Containment
Eradication
Prevention
Exclusion
Control
Preclearance
Country B
Country A
Traditional Crop Protection Strategies
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Session 1. Pre-Border and Border
Clearance.First Line of Defense Against IAS.

• Production of Pest Free Commodities
• Preclearance at Ports of Export
• Port of Entry Inspection and Clearance

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2.1. Production of Pest Free Commodities in
Exporting Countries.

• Imported Meat from FMD Free Countries
• Certified Raw Wood Products
• Citrus from Disease and Fruitfly Free Countries
• Certified Crop Seeds
• Weed Free
• Disease Free
• Establishment of Pest Free Zones
• Certified Pest Free Zones (IPPC)
• Pest Free Zones for Biodiversity

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2.1. Regulatory Pest Free Zones.S.E. Australia
Fruitfly Exclusion Zone.
Queensland Fruitfly (Bactocera tryoni)
Declared Pest Free in March, 2006
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2.1. Regulatory Pest Free Zones.S.E. Australia
Fruitfly Exclusion Zone.
Well Tended Fruit Tree.
Neglected Fruit Tree.
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2.1. Pest Free Zones for Biodiversity.Tararu
Valley Sanctuary North Island, NZ.

• Extinct Species - Moa, Haast Eagle, Giant-gecko
• Bird Species Gone from Tararu Valley
• Kokako, Saddleback, North Island Robin, Kiwi,
  Whitehead, Kakariki, Matata (fernbird)
• 100 Pest Free Zone
• 15-20 Acres Fenced
• Eradication of All Pest Mammals
• Return of Native Species
• Giraffe Weevil (Lasiorhynchus barbicornis)
• Kiwi NZ National Bird

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2.2. Preclearance at Ports of Export.

• Inspection of High Risk Commodities for Export
• Treatment of Infested Commodities
• Advantages
• Thorough Examination of Shipment Before Stuffed
  into Container
• Mitigation of Problem in Exporting Country
• Identifies Pest Problems in Crop Production
  System
• Facilitates Movement of Shipment Through Port of
  Entry

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2.3. Port of Entry Inspection and Clearance.

• Means of Conveyance
• Intermodal Containers
• People and Baggage
• Cargo and Commodities

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2.3.5. Port of Entry Inspection.Basic Equipment.
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2.3.5. Treatment of IAS at Ports of Entry.

• Commodity Treatments
• Governed by Strict Regulations
• Treatment Options
• Treat at Port of Entry
• Forward under Bond for Treatment at Destination
• Reject Entry and Re-Export
• Treatment Methods
• Chemical Fumigation
• Methyl Bromide
• Burning of Dunnage
• Treatments for Perishable Commodities
• Hot-water Immersion
• Forced Hot
• Vapor Heat
• Irradiation

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2.3.6. Asian Longhorned Beetle in the USA. A Case
of Port of Entry Inspection Failure.

• Origin China
• Threat Maple, Willow, Elm, Birch
• Introduction to the USA
• 1996 Brooklyn, New York
• 5,000 Trees Destroyed
• 1998 Chicago, Illinois
• 1,400 Trees Destroyed

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Asian Longhorned Beetle.Probably Mode of Entry.
R. Westbrooks, Whiteville, NCrgwestbrooks_at_earthli
nk.net
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National Ports of Entry First Line of Defense
Lesson Learned Regulatory Exclusion is about 5
Effective!
Airports........
Seaports........
Land Border Crossings.....
Beagle Brigade
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Session 2. Post-Border Prevention
Strategies.Early Detection and Rapid
Response.2.4. Official Control of Regulated
Pests.

• Quarantine Significant Pests
• Regulated IAS Absent from country, or of
  limited distribution, and under official control.
  
• Official Control Active enforcement and
  application of mandatory phytosanitary
  regulations for
• Containments and eradication of quarantine pests
  (Asian Longhorned Beetle in the USA)
• Management of regulated non-quarantine pests
  (Giant Salvinia in the USA)

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2.5. Early Detection and Rapid Response. U.S.
National EDRR System for Invasive Plants.

• Early Detection and Reporting
• Volunteers Gardeners, Back Packers.
• Identification and Vouchering
• Designated Botanists
• Vouchering A Preserved Specimen.
• Rapid Assessment
• Weed Scientists
• Rapid Response Eradication
• Interagency Task Force All Impacted and
  Potential Stakeholders

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2.7. IAS Survey Methods.

• Detection Survey
• Find it
• Delimiting Survey
• How Big is the Infestation?
• Appraisal Survey
• Did the control treatment work?

Witchweed (Striga asiatica) Infested Maize in
North Carolina
Giant Witchweed (Striga hermonthica) in Ethiopia
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2.10. Principles of IAS Eradication.

• Identify Target IAS
• Convene Information Meeting of Stakeholders
• Establish Interagency Task Force
• Develop EDRR Action Plan
• Conduct Public Outreach
• More Eyes and Ears
• Detection and Delimiting Surveys
• Biologically South Control Measures
• Population Suppression Measures
• Containment Measures Pathway Management
• Equipment and Vehicle Sanitation
• Associated Vectors
• Reproduction Denial
• Persistence
• Appraisal Surveys

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2.10.1. Case Study Witchweed Eradication in
the Carolinas.

• Origin - Asia
• Threat - Parasitizes Grasses, Grass Crops
• Introduction to USA
• NC SC - 1956
• WWII Military Equipment
• Scope of Problem - Program
• 432,000 Acres 39 Counties
• 300 Million 1958-2006
• Eradication Measures
• Detection and Delimiting Surveys
• Quarantine of Soil, Plants, Machinery in Infested
  Area
• Herbicide Treatments
• Soil Fumigation (Methyl Bromide)
• Ethylene Gas Induces Suicidal Germination of WW
  Seeds in Soil

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2.10.2. Case Study Carambola Fruitfly
Eradication Program in South America.

• Origin Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
• Threat 150 Crop Species
• Fruit, Vegetables Peppers, Citrus, Bananas
• 1986 Detected in Suriname, Brazil, French
  Guyana, Guyana
• 1996 Regional Eradication Program Initiated
• Aerial Application of Fiber Blocks Impregnated
  with Male Attractant and Pesticide
• 1998-2002 Large Scale Eradication Efforts
• 2002 Program Suspended Due to Funding
• 2003 Detection Surveys and Limited Control
  Efforts
• 2006 Prospects for Continuing Low Due to
  Funding

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Unit II. Lab Exercise 1.

• Make a list of the commodities your country
  requires to be pest free as a condition of entry.
• Make a list of the preclearance activities your
  National Plant Regulatory Agency is involved in
  with other countries.
• Make a list of some of the means of conveyance,
  cargo, and commodities that enter through your
  port of entry.

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Unit II. Lab Exercise 2.

• List the overall goals of an EDRR System for IAS.
• Which agencies would be involved in your country?
• List the different types of IAS survey and give
  examples of where they would be used
• List the information that should be gathered
  during an IAS survey
• Identify a plant, an animal, an insect, and a
  disease that has been eradicated in your country.
• Identify a plant, an animal, an insect, and a
  disease that could be eradicated in your country.

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Session 3. Post-Border Control Strategies.2.11.
2.12. Containment and Suppression.

• Strategies for Containment
• Strategies to Ensure Population Does Not Spread
• Mowing or Treatments to Prevent Reproduction
• Vehicle, Equipment Sanitation, etc.
• Population Suppression
• Eradication is Impractical
• Protection of Managed or Natural Resources
• Ongoing Control Efforts
• (300 Billion Worldwide)

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2.13. IAS Control Methods.

• Mechanical Control
• Hand Removal, Mowing, Cultivation,
• Cultural Control
• Weed Free Seed
• Crop Rotation
• Planting Schedule
• Crop Canopy to Shade Out Weeds
• Proper Crop Cultural Practices to Keep Crop
  Healthy
• Insect Control, Fertilization, Irrigation, etc.

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2.13. IAS Control Methods.

• Chemical Control
• Worldwide Pesticide Sales
• 2001 32 Billion
• General Pesticides (Glyphosate)
• No Special License
• Restricted Pesticide (Fipronil for Termites)
• Expensive
• Pesticide License Usually Required
• Classical Biological Control
• Excellent Method Does Not Always Work
• Salvinia Weevil (Cyrtobagus salviniae) to Control
  Giant Salvinia
• New International Standards under IPPC

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Session 4. Agency IAS Management Programs and
New Approaches for Management Through Interagency
Partnering.

• Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, AUS
• Working for Water Programme, South Africa

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2.13.1. Kakadu National Park, AUS.

• Location Wet-Dry Tropics, N. Territory, AUS
• Area 19,804 km2.
• Landforms, Habitats
• Sandstone Plateau, Savanna Woodlands, Open
  Forest, Rivers, Billabongs, Floodplains,
  Mangroves, Mudflats
• Major IAS
• Catclaw Mimosa - 1978
• Island in a Sea of Mimosa
• Four Fulltime Workers - EDRR
• Giant Salvinia and Water Hyacinth 1983
• WH Eradicated
• GS Still Spreading

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2.13.1. Working for Water Programme. ZA.

• A Century of Introduced Plants
• 8,000 Herbs and Shrubs
• 750 Trees
• IAS in ZA
• 110 Invasive Trees
• AUS Wattle
• Monterey Pine
• Threat to Fynbos
• Ericas, Proteas
• Cover 10 Million ha (10 of Country)
• Use 3.3. Billion Cubic Meters Water (7 Totally
  Supply)
• Working for Water Programme Guy Preston
• Dept. Water Affairs and Forestry
• 300 Labor Intensive Projects in all 9 Provinces
• Eradicate Thirsty Trees, Recover Water Resources
• 1 Million ha Cleared
• 20,000 People Employed Trained
• Associated Industries

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2.14. Interagency Partnerships.Greater
Yellowstone Coordinating Committee.

• 1970s Weed Control in Wyoming
• State/Private Lands (34 Million Acres) - 10
  Million
• Federal Lands (33 Million Acres) - 1 Million
• Reinvasion of State/Private Lands from Federal
• Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee
  (Formed 1964)
• 1980 - Greater Yellowstone Invasive Species
  Working Group (Cooperative Weed Management Area)
• Interagency Committee in Defined Area
• Share Equipment, Resources, Expertise

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2.15. Weed Eradication Projects.Goatsrue in Utah
Single Agency Led.

• 1891 Introduced by UT State as Forage,
  Poisonous to Cattle
• 1980 Spread to 16,000 ha
• Federal Eradication Project Initiated by UT State
  University
• Infestation Reduced
• 1996 Federal Funding Terminated
• Project Terminated
• 2007 Effort to Establish Goatsrue Eradication
  Task Force

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2.15. Weed Eradication Projects.Carolinas Beach
Vitex Task Force.

• 1985 BV Introduced to USA
• Ornamental, Dune Erosion Control
• 1995 BV Spreading from Beach Planting Dune
  Erosion
• 2002 Sea Turtle Volunteers Notice BV Threat
  to ST Nesting
• 2003 Carolinas Beach Vitex Task Force
• Cooperators - 40 Agencies and Organizations
• Short Term Goals
• Remove Seedlings from Public Beaches
• Document Mature Populations
• Control Demonstrations on 75 Sites
• Long Term Goals
• Land Owner Cost Share Eradication Program

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Major Concepts in Unit 2.

• First Line of Defense Against IAS
• Pre-Border Prevention Strategies
• Production of Pest Free Commodities Preclearance
• Border Prevention Strategies
• Inspection and Treatment of Imported Cargo
• Second Line of Defense Against IAS
• Early Detection and Rapid Response
• Field Surveys Detection, Delimiting, Appraisal
• Eradication Total Elimination of IAS from
  Defined Area
• Third Line of Defense Against IAS
• Control Containment, Suppression
• Mechanical, Cultural, Chemical, Biological
• Interagency Partnering is Effective in Management
  of Most IAS
• ZA Working for Water Programme A Model Public
  Works Programme for Controlling IAS and Training
  People

Partnerships Now.... Weeds Won't Wait!
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Unit 2. Exercise 3. Suppression and Control.

• List one or more IAS that are being controlled in
  your country by each of the following control
  methods
• Mechanical or Cultural Means
• Chemical Means
• Biological Control Agents.
• How successful are the efforts you listed?

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