CHAPTER 21: NUTRITION AND DIGESTION

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CHAPTER 21 NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
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OBJECTIVES

• OUTLINE THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION
• WHAT HAPPENS IN EACH
• WHAT ARE THE FOUR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF MOLECULES
  AND THE SUBUNITS THAT MAKEUP EACH
• DISCUSS THE PROS AND CONS OF DIFFERENT POPULAR
  DIETS
• ANALYZE FOOD LABELS
• DISCUSS ESSENTIAL FOOD GROUPS
• VITAMINS AND MINERALS
• GOOD AND BAD FATS

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• THE BODY DEALS WITH FOOD BY BREAKING IT DOWN INTO
  SIMPLE SUBUNITS DURING DIGESTION IN THE DIGESTIVE
  TRACT
• WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MOLECULES THAT
  EXIST AND WHAT ARE THE SUBUNITS THAT MAKEUP EACH?

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• MOLECULE SUBUNIT
• NUCLEIC ACID NUCLEOTIDES
• ___________________________________
• PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS
• CARBOHYDRATES SUGARS
• LIPIDS GLYCEROL FATTY ACIDS

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• WHEN WE EAT, WE ARE INTRODUCING SUBSTANCES INTO
  OUR BODY THAT IT MUST RESPOND TO IN ORDER TO
  MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
• SUGAR METABOLISM IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF HOMEOSTASIS

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INSULIN AND GLUCAGON

• WHEN GLUCOSE LEVELS INCREASE, THE PANCREAS
  RELEASES INSULIN IN ORDER TO BREAK DOWN THE
  GLUCOSE AND FOR THE MUSCLE AND LIVER TO TAKE UP
  GLUCOSE
• WHEN GLUCOSE LEVELS BECOME TOO LOW, THE PANCREAS
  RELEASES GLUCAGON IN ORDER FOR THE BODY TO BREAK
  DOWN GLYCOGEN INTO GLUCOSE
• THIS INTERPLAY MAINTAINS THE BODYS REQUIRED
  CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THE ALIMENTORY
  TRACT AND VARIOUS ACCESSORY ORGANS THAT AID IN
  THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS
• ALIMENTARY CANAL
• MOUTH
• ESOPHAGUS
• STOMACH
• SMALL INTESTINES
• LARGE INTESTINES
• ACCESSORY ORGANS SECRETE DIGESTIVE JUICES
• LIVER
• GALL BLADDER
• PANCREAS
• SALIVARY GLANDS

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• MOUTH
• SALIVARY GLANDS SECRETE SALIVA
• ENZYME AMYLASE PRESENT IN SALIVA BREAKS STARCH
  DOWN INTO SUGARS
• STOMACH
• CONDITIONS ACIDIC
• SECRETES GASTRIC JUICE BREAK APART CELLS IN
  FOOD
• SMALL INTESTINES
• ALL FOODS ARE EXTENSIVELY DIGESTED IN THE SMALL
  INTESTINES
• DIGESTION PRODUCTS ARE ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD
  STREAM THROUGH CELLS LINING THE SMALL INTESTINES
• LARGE INTESTINES
• ABSORBS WATER FROM THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
• COMPACTS THE FECES WASTE PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION
• ACCESSORY ORGANS
• SECRETIONS ARE PRODUCED THAT AID IN THE DIGESTION
  PROCESS

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PERISTALSIS

• AFTER FOOD IS SWALLOWED, MUSCLES PROPEL IT
  THROUGH THE ALIMENTARY CANAL BY PERISTALSIS
• RHYTHMIC WAVES OF CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLES
  IN THE WALLS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

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VITAMINS

• ORGANIC NUTRIENTS OBTAINED FROM OUR DIET
• MOST SERVE AS COENZYMES IN VARIOUS REACTIONS IN
  YOUR BODY
• WHAT VITAMINS DID YOU FIND ON YOUR FOOD LABELS?

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MINERALS

• INORGANIC NUTRIENTS OBTAINED FROM OUR DIET
• EXAMPLES CALCIUM, PHOSPHOROUS, IRON
• WHAT MINERALS WERE FOUND ON YOUR FOOD LABELS?

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