WARM UP:

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WARM UP

• We the People of the United States, in order to
  form a more perfect union, establish justice,
  insure domestic tranquility, provide for the
  common defense, promote the general welfare, and
  secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and
  our posterity, do ordain and establish this
  Constitution for the United States of America.
• Some people say the most important words in our
  Constitution are the first three words of the
  Preamble. These are the words We the People.
  Explain why you agree or disagree with this
  opinion

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ANCIENT ROME

• CHAPTER 6

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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

• CHAPTER 6
• SECTION 1

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Decline of the Greek Civilization

• A new city, Rome, is developing increasing its
  power.
• video

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Geography

• Built on 7 rolling hills.
• On the Tiber River.
• Midway between the Alps southern tip of Italy.
• River brought commerce.
• Near sea for convenience.
• Not so close to be in danger from Sea attacks.

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LEGEND OF ROMULUS REMUS

• Twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess.
• Abandoned on the Tiber River as infants raised by
  a she wolf.
• Twins decide to build a city near the spot.
• Later Romulus kills Remus becomes the first
  king of Rome.

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video
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First Romans

• From 1000 to 500 B.C. 3 groups inhabit the
  region 1. The Latins.
• 2. The Greeks.
• 3. The Etruscans.

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The First Romans

• The Latins built the first settlement. They are
  considered to be the first Romans.
• 750 to 600 B.C. Greeks settled along southern
  Italy and Sicily. This brought all of Italy into
  close contact with Greek civilization.
• The Etruscans were native to Northern Italy. They
  were skilled metalworkers engineers. Strongly
  influenced Roman civilization. They had a system
  of writing the Romans adopted their alphabet.
  Also, influenced Roman architecture-The Arch.

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Early Republic

• Last King driven from power in 509 B.C.
• Romans declare never again to be ruled by a king.
• Establish a Republic.
• Republic is a form of government in which power
  rests with the citizens who have the right to
  vote for their leaders.
• In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was
  granted only to free-born male citizens.

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Social Structure in the Republic

• Roman society was divided into two orders, each
  with its own interests, character, and
  traditional responsibilities
• 1. Patrician Order The Roman aristocracy,
  comprised of families who provided political and
  military leaders for 500 years. Most patricians
  were wealthy, but a family could retain its
  patrician designation even when its wealth
  declined.

Roman Patricians carrying ancestor busts.
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Social Structure in the Republic

• 2. Plebeian Order All other free male citizens.
  Roman plebes were craftsmen, bakers, and
  shopkeepers, but also plantation farmers,
  merchants, and bankers.
• Citizens of Rome with right to vote.
• But, barred by law from holding most government
  positions.
• In time, plebians were able to form their own
  assembly and elect representatives called
  Tribunes.

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• Headcount Within the plebeian order there were
  class divisions. Some plebes were rich, but the
  vast majority were poor and depended on free or
  cheap grain distributed by the government. This
  was the headcount. The headcount could vote in
  tribal elections, but until the late Republic
  they could not serve in the military which was
  necessary for political advancement unless they
  could furnish their own arms.
• Slaves As much as a third of the population of
  Rome and the Roman empire was composed of slaves.
  Economic hardship could drive free people into
  slavery, but the biggest sources of slaves were
  war, conquest, and trade with non-Romans.

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Growth of Plebeian Power
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Government under the Republic

• First Century B.C. Rome had balance government.
• Government had best features of a monarchy, an
  aristocracy, and a democracy.

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Government under the Republic - Consuls

• Rome had two consuls commanded the army
  directed the government.
• Power limited.
• Consuls term was only one year long. Then the
  same person could not be elected again for ten
  years.

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Senate

• Aristocratic branch of Roman Government.
• 300 members chosen from the upper class of Roman
  society.
• Great influence on over both foreign and domestic
  policy.

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Assemblies

• More democratic side of Government.
• Centuriate Assembly All citizen-soldiers are
  for life select consuls, makes laws.
• Tribal Assembly citizens grouped according to
  where they live are members for life elects
  tribunes and makes laws.

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Chapter 6 Section 2

• The Roman Empire

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The Republic Collapses Economic Turmoil

• Republic grows wealthy expands its border
• Lower classes are discontent.
• Gap between rich poor grows wider.
• Rich landowners work slaves for free labor.
• Poor farmers cannot compete.

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Military Upheaval

• Republic grew unstable.
• Generals seized power for themselves.
• Recruited soldiers loyal to them, not to the
  republic.
• Now possible for a military leader supported by
  his own troops to take over by force.
• Eventually Julius Caesar does just that.

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• From 133 BCE, when Tiberius Gracchus became
  tribune, until 31 BCE, when Octavian took sole
  and absolute power, the Roman Republic slowly
  fell apart.
• This hundred-year period is known as the Roman
  Revolution.
• When it was over, Rome was again a monarchy,
  ruled by an emperor instead of elected consuls,
  tribunes, and the Senate.

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Major Figures of the Roman Revolution

• Tiberius Gracchus 168-133 BCE
• Gaius Gracchus 154-121 BCE
• Gaius Marius 157-86 BCE
• Sulla 138-78 BCE
• Pompey 106-48 BCE
• Julius Caesar 100-44 BCE
• Octavian 63 BCE-14 CE

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Tiberius Gaius Gracchus

• Attempted to help Romes poor.
• As Tribunes they proposed limiting the size of
  estates giving land to poor.
• Angered many senators.
• Both met violent deaths.
• A Civil War follows their deaths.

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Questions

• How would limiting the size of Roman estates help
  the poor?
• It would enable small landowners to succeed.
• What is a Civil War?
• A conflict between groups within the same
  country.

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Julius Caesar Takes Control

• In 60 B.C. a military leader, Julius Caesar joins
  forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, Pompey, a
  popular general ( Pompey was married to Caesars
  daughter Julia)
• Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C.
• Next 10 years these men dominate Rome as a
  triumvirate a group of three rulers.
• Caesar follows tradition serves only one year
  as consul, but appoints himself governor of Gaul.
• Caesar then conquers all of Gaul.
• video

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Gaius Julius Caesar

• Julius Caesar is one of the most influential
  people in history.
• A military genius, he conquered Gaul, adding it
  to the empire.
• A brilliant politician, he helped fashion the
  imperial administration that would replace the
  Roman Republic.
• As a writer, Caesars Commentaries on the Gallic
  and Civil Wars are still read today and are an
  important historical source for the period.

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Pompey and the Civil War

• In 54 BCE, the Triumvirate fell apart.
• Julia died in childbirth, and Crassus was killed
  in battle.
• Caesar, campaigning in Gaul, was Romes leading
  general, and conservatives in the Senate feared
  his growing popularity.
• They turned to Pompey as their champion.
• When Caesar returned to Rome with his troops, the
  civil war was on.

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Caesar crosses the Rubicon River
January 10, 49 B.C.

• By bringing his legions into Italy, Caesar
  violated the law and provoked a civil war.

• "Alea iacta est" (The die is cast)

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Caesar named Dictator for Life
in 44 B.C.

• Caesar marched on Rome with one legion.
• Pompey and the majority of the Senate fled Rome.
• Caesars troops defeat Pompeys armies in
  Greece, Asia, Spain, Egypt. Pompey is caught
  beheaded in Egypt.
• Caesar returns to Rome a hero support of troops
  masses.
• 44 B.C. named Dictator for Life.

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Caesar Cleopatra

• At the time of the civil war, Egypt was an ally
  of Rome, ruled by pharaohs of the Ptolemaic
  dynasty.
• King Ptolemy XIII and his sister, Cleopatra VII,
  were having their own civil war.
• Caesar sided with Cleopatra.
• They had a child together, Caesarion. This was
  Caesars only natural son.

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Caesars Dictatorship

• Caesar governed as a absolute ruler.
• He implemented many reforms.
• Granted citizenship to many people in provinces.
• Created Jobs for poor.
• Started colonies so many people could own land.
• Increased pay for soldiers.
• At a public festival, Anthony offered Caesar a
  crown, which he refused, saying, I will not be
  king of Rome. Jupiter alone is King of the
  Romans.

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Alarmed at Caesars king-like power, a group of
Senators stabbed him to death in the Senate on
March 15, 44 BCE, the Ides of March.

• One of the senators that helped stab Caesar, was
  his friend Marcus Brutus. Caesars last words
  were Et tu, Brute? (You too, Brutus?)

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Questions

• What did Caesar mean by his final words to
  Brutus?
• He was surprised that even his close friend would
  betray him.
• Which do you threatened Caesars rivals more, his
  power or his popularity?
• Possible answer his popularity, as it was the
  true source of his power

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Civil War Breaks Out Again

• Caesar was dead, and so was the Republic. The
  principle of personal power would now be supreme.
  The question was, who would be the next supreme
  leader?

• Two Leading Candidates
• were Mark Anthony, Caesars cousin and
  lieutenant, and Octavian, Caesars grand-nephew
  and adopted son.

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The Second Triumvirate

• Octavian, Mark Antony, a politician named
  Lepidus band together crush Caesars assassins.
• They rule for 10 years.
• Their alliance ends in jealousy violence.
• Octavian forces Lepidus to retire.
• Octavian Marc Antony become rivals.

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Antony Cleopatra

• Antony Queen Cleopatra meet and fall in love.
• Antony follows Cleopatra to Egypt.
• Octavian accuses Antony of trying to rule Rome
  from Egypt Civil War breaks out.
• Octavian defeats Antony at the Battle of Actium
  in 31 B.C.
• Antony commits suicide by falling on his sword.

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Cleopatra tried to negotiate with Octavian to
spare the life of Caesarion, but Octavian
refused. Two Caesars are one too many, he is
reported to have said

• To avoid being paraded through Rome at the head
  of Octavians triumph, Cleopatra also committed
  suicide, by holding a poisonous snake to her
  breast and letting it bite her.

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Octavian becomes First Emperor Augustus in 27
B.C.

• Pax Romana or Roman Peace, began with Emperor
  Augustus in 27 B.C., period of Roman peace
  prosperity that lasted 207 years
• Rome expanded empire to include all of
  Mediterranean world and Europe
• Augustus encouraged trade, created highways
  aqueducts, used concrete, government jobs gained
  by merit

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Pax Romana

• Roman expansion brought increased trade from far
  corners of empire for sale in Roman markets
  silk, perfumes, weapons, musical instruments
• Increased trade brought great wealth
• Building projectsfire stations, healthcare
  centers
• Festivalsparades, theatre, Olympic-style
  athletic contests

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Red 133 BCE
Orange - 44 BCE (late Republic, after conquests
by republican generals)
Yellow 14 CE (death of Augustus
Green 117 CE (maximum extension)
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Warm Up

• Christianity arose during Roman Times. How
  common is Christianity today in U.S. and the rest
  of the World?

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Chapter 6 section 3

• The rise of Christianity.

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Teaching of Jesus

• Romans took control of the Jewish Kingdom in A.D.
  6.
• Jews believe God has promised that a savior know
  as the Messiah would arrive and restore the
  kingdom of the Jews.
• Two decades later many believed that such a
  savior had arrived.

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Teachings of Jesus

• Jesus began preaching when he was 30 years old
  going from village to village became popular and
  gained disciples (loyal followers)
• Teachings were based on Judaismlove, mercy,
  devotion to God, eternal life in Heaven, Golden
  Rule (do unto others as you would have done to
  you)

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Jesus of Nazareth

• Main source of information about the teachings of
  Jesus are in the Gospels, the first four books of
  the New Testament in the Bible.
• Apostles 12 men that are Jesus disciples, or
  pupils.

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Jesus Death

• Jesus popularity concerned both Roman and Jewish
  leaders.
• Enthusiastic crowds called him Messiah, or king.
• Chief priest of Jews denied he was the Messiah.
  They said his teachings were blasphemy, or
  contempt for God.
• The Roman Governor Pontius Pilate accused Jesus
  of defying the authority of Rome. He arrested
  Jesus and sentenced him to be crucified.
• After his body was placed in a tomb, 3 days later
  his body was gone a living Jesus appears to
  followers. The Gospels go on to say he ascended
  into heaven.
• This convinces the Apostles that Jesus was the
  Messiah.
• Jesus is referred to as Jesus Christ. Christos
  is Greek word meaning messiah or savior.

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Question

• How were Jesuss teachings at odds with Roman
  values and religious ideas?
• Jesus taught love acceptance rather than
  strength and power taught monotheism vs. worship
  of many gods.
• Why might Romans and chief Jewish priests have
  felt threatened by Jesus?
• He was popular he preached to the poor and
  powerless.

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Christianity Spreads Through the Empire

• Despite persecution, Christianity spread
  throughout Roman Empire gained acceptance
• One Man, the apostle Paul, had an enormous
  influence on Christianitys development. At
  first an enemy of Christianity. After having a
  vision of Christ. He spent the rest of his life
  spreading Christs teachings.
• Jewish Diaspora in A.D. 66 a band of Jews rebel
  against Rome. The Romans destroy their temple.
  Today the western portion of this wall remains
  is holiest Jewish shrine. Most Jews are driven
  from their homeland into exile. This is called
  the Diaspora.

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A World Religion

• Despite persecution, millions of Christians in
  Roman Empire by third century A.D.
• Christianity grew because
• 1. embraced all people. (men, women, slaves,
  poor, rich)
• 2. gave hope to powerless.
• 3. appealed to those repelled by Romes
• exravagances.
• 4. offered a personal relationship with God.
• 5. promised eternal life after death.

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Constantine

• In A.D. 312 Roman Emperor Constantine converts to
  Christianity.
• In battle, he prays for divine help, and sees a
  symbol of a cross a symbol of Christianity. He
  puts symbol on his soldiers shield. They win.
  He credits the Christian God and converts.
• In A.D. 313 he announces an end to the
  persecution of Christians.
• In the Edict of Milan he declares Christianity a
  religion that is approved by the Emperor and
  restores freedoms equality to Christians. The
  Edict of Milan guaranteed all citizens the right
  to worship as the chose (religious equality).
• In A.D. 380, Emperor Theodosius makes
  Christianity the official Roman Religion.

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Early Christian Church

• As church grew, disagreements about beliefs
  develop.
• Dispute became intense.
• So church leaders attempt to set a single,
  official standard of belief.
• In A.D. 325 Emperor Constantine moved to solidify
  Christianity. He calls church leaders to Nicaea
  in Anatolia.
• They wrote the Nicene Creed which defines the
  basic beliefs of the Church.

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The Fall of The Roman Empire

• Roman Empire will enter period of decline after
  the Pax Romana or Roman Peace (with death of
  Marcus Aurelius)
• Rulers that follow the Pax Romana have little
  idea how to rule the empire. So the empire starts
  to decline.

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Crisis

• 3 stages
• Internal Problems
• Revival under Emperors Diocletian
  Constantine
• Barbarian Invasions

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Internal Problems (Get out Causes/effects chart
in chapter 6 guide fill out)

• Romes economy weakens because
• 1. Hostile tribes outside empire disrupt
• trade.
• 2. Lack new sources for gold silver so
• government raises taxes.
• 3. Economy suffers from inflation (drop in
• value of money and a rise in prices)
• 4. Agriculture suffers because of overworked
• soil farmland destroyed by War.
• Food shortages disease spread, population
• declines.

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Military Political Turmoil

• Soldiers less disciplined loyal.
• Gave allegiance to commanders, not to Rome.
• To defend against increasing threats, government
  recruits mercenaries foreign soldiers who
  fought for money. They accepted lower pay than
  Romans, but felt little loyalty to empire.
• Citizens lose their sense of patriotism. They
  become indifferent to the empires fate.

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Emperors Attempt Reform

• Diocletian divided empire into 2 parts
  Greek-speaking East Latin-speaking West because
  he believed the empire had grown too large too
  complex for one ruler.
• Constantine moved capital to Byzantium, in what
  is now Turkey.
• The center of power shifts from Rome to the east.
• The capital in Byzantium is named after Emperor
  Constantine, and called Constantinople or the
  city of Constantine.

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The Western Empire Crumbles

• Result of
• 1. worsening internal problems.
• 2. seperation of the Western Empire from
  wealthier Eastern Empire.
• 3. Outside Invasions.

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Barbarian or Germanic Invasions of Western Rome

• As Roman Empire weakened, barbarian tribes
  began to attack Nomadic Huns under leadership of
  Attila attack Europe
• As the Huns move attack, various Germanic
  people push into Roman lands. Rome could not stop
  the Germanic Invasions. Eventually they conquer
  Rome.
• Last Emperor, a 14 year old boy, Romulus
  Augustulus, was ousted by German forces in A.D.
  476.

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Byzantine Empire

• The eastern half of Empire ( Byzantine Empire),
  not only survived, but flourishes for another
  1,000 years until 1453 when it falls to the
  Ottoman Turks.
• The Byzantine emperors rule from Constantinople.

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