Earth and Space Sciences 8

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Earth and Space Sciences 8 Lecture 14 July 27,
2007 Earthquake Preparedness Personal
preparedness before an earthquake
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4.2
6.7
5.0
5.0
6.2
5.9
5.7
From IRIS
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3.4
3.2
3.6
3.3
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3.0
4.2
From USGS
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From IRIS
419 Events
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July 27, 1980 M5.2, 3M damage Largest
Earthquake in Kentucky History
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July 27, 1976 - Tangshan, China M7.6 Officially
240,000 death, unofficial up to 800,000 Probably
the deadliest earthquake of modern times
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July 27, 1976 - Tangshan, China M7.6 Officially
240,000 death, unofficial up to 800,000 Probably
the deadliest earthquake of modern times
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Administration Earthquake Preparedness
Homework Distributed Due Friday August 3
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Seismic Hazard Analysis Forecasting Prediction
Risk
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Quiescence

• Earthquakes are due if they have not happened in
  a while
• Are we due for a big one?
• Seismic gaps
• Earthquakes are due in places they havent
  happened because that part of the fault is all
  thats left holding back the plate motion
• Ignores aseismic motion
• Ignores fault healing

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Mexican coast
http//tlacaelel.igeofcu.unam.mx/vladimir/sismos/
100years.html
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Guerrero gap
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Guerrero Silent Earthquake of 2002
GPS time series of CAYA station
aseismic slip, also called slow earthquake
A. Iglesias et al., EPSL, 2003
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Fault Healing

• Just because one segment of the fault slips, that
  doesnt mean that all of the stress on that
  segment was relieved
• If only a small part of the stress was released,
  it doesnt take long to build it back up again
• So parts that break only change the stress around
  them for a certain time the fault heals and
  becomes able to support stress again
• This makes the seismic gap less useful

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Prof. Keilis-Borok

• UCLA Professor-in-residence
• Works at UCLA and in Moscow
• Working on earthquake prediction for more than 20
  years

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Keilis-Boroks recent prediction

• 50 likely Mgt6.4
• in shaded region
• Oct. 29, 2003
• Sept. 5, 2004
• Even probability throughout window

Earthquake did not happen!
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Japan, 2003

• Predicted M 7 earthquake in 9-month window
  covering March-December 2003
• Announced July 2003
• Tokachi-Oki (Hokkaido) earthquake M8.1 Sept. 25,
  2003

Earthquake did happen!
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Hokkaido
However.

• 9 earthquakes (by their count) in region in 27
  years
• Counting is tricky!
• Leave out aftershocks,
• deep earthquake and Mlt7
• 25 change of getting an earthquake in any
  9-month window by chance

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San Simeon (Paso Robles)?

• May 03 Feb. 04,
• M6.4 predicted
• Seen as a Bay area warning
• Problem with such a large area
• M 6.5 EQ on Dec. 22, 2003

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Rare events in Central California

• Only two EQs 6.4 in the region in the 40 year
  training window
• Again, counting
• is tricky
• lt3 chance of random occurrence
• This is interesting!

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How does he (they) do it?
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Chains
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Intermediate term

• Over 6-24 months before chain
• Combine
• Rate of earthquakes
• Area of fault
• Change in rate
• number of earthquakes
• magnitudes of earthquakes
• Change in spatial distribution clustering
• mainshocks
• aftershocks
• Maximum distance between earthquakes
• Relative number of big and little earthquake

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How to measure?

• Separate equation for each feature (8 equations)
• Some of these measures include some unknown
  parameters
• Each measure votes for or against prediction
• at least 8 (unknown) thresholds
• Add the votes and find (another) threshold to
  determine if intermediate-term pattern is there.

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Training
Red are chains followed by earthquakes Blue are
false alarms
Use to find the best parameters Only 13 sequences
to train on
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The Optimal Total Vote
If threshold is too high, you miss some
earthquakes If threshold is too low, you generate
false alarms
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Summary

• Scientific prediction
• NOT like listening to dogs bark
• Possible problems
• Training set is small
• seem to be many false alarms
• Many parameters
• how do we know we have the right values?
• Transparency
• Hard to figure out method and data used
• Some information like 50 probability only
  announced after the window started

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Is K-B right?

• He was wrong this last time
• but not entirelyprediction was only 50 likely
• recent evaluation gives method -0.8 score where 0
  is random and -1 is worst possible
• The best test is to wait for many earthquake
  predictions and compare to claimed probability
  with occurrences
• This may take many decades.or centuriesif so,
  is it of any use?

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Hazard and Risk

• Hazard probability that a given area will be
  affected by a given destructive process
• Risk Probability that a loss will occur
• Preparation lowers risk, not hazard

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Hazard and Risk (cont)?

• Hazard is what seismologists predict
• includes earthquake probability
• Risk is what insurance companies, the government,
  etc. need to know
• Risk ? hazard x vulnerability x value

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The risk from different natural
disasters Everyone has their own comfort level
From USGS
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HAZUS Average Annualized EQ Losses

• Dr. Stuart Nishenko
• Senior Seismologist
• Building Sciences
• and Assessment
• Branch, FEMA
• WSSPC Conference
• Seattle, WA
• September 20, 2000

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FEMA Hazus results

• Average Annual Earthquake Loss by state

Nishenko, 2002
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Average Annual Earthquake Loss per Capita for 35
Metropolitan Areas
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
So the cost of taking action is 100M 5M x
P The cost of taking no action 255M x P So if P
gt 0.40 then taking action is cheaper!
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Note

• Earthquakes are only one of a myriad of hazards
  in the U.S.
• Blizzards, tornadoes, severe hailstorms, heat
  waves, flash floods, hurricanes, typhoons, ice
  storms, thunderstorms, lightning, tsunamis,
  volcanoes, wildfires, river valley flooding
• Safest state in U.S. to live is Nevada (1)
• Worst state is Texas (8)?
• California is 4 (along with WA, OR, WY, AK, GA,
  KY, NC, VA, NH, CT, NJ, DE, MD, TN, ND, WY)?
• Source Patrick Abbott, Natural Disasters

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Earthquake Preparedness Personal
preparedness Before During After
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Earthquake preparedness

• If a major earthquake happens, there is a 60
  probability that most people will be at home.
• Therefore, prepare your home!
• Be ready to be on your own for 3 days (72 hours)?

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A great reference to help being prepared
7 steps of earthquake preparedness 1. Identify
potential hazards in your home and begin to fix
them 2. Create a disaster plan 3. Create
disaster supplies kits 4. Identify your
building's potential weaknesses and begin to fix
them 5. During earthquakes and aftershocks
drop, cover, and hold on 6. After the
earthquake, check for injuries and damage 7.
When safe, continue to follow your disaster plan
Published by Southern California Earthquake
Center (SCEC)? http//www.earthquakecountry.info/r
oots/roots.html
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Common, easy to fix hazards

• Furniture, pictures on wall
• Falling objects break, or break items they hit
• Heavy items on shelves
• Items falling on beds heads
• Avoid sleeping in hazardous spot
• Under heavy pictures, chandeliers, large windows,
  bookcases, speakers, TVs
• Especially not under a tall brick chimney!

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Poor choice of bed placement
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Less Easy-to-Fix Hazards

• Water heater
• Heavy
• Hooked up to gas, electricity, and water
• Strapping to the structure now mandatory
• Plaster
• Can be shaken loose
• Sometimes very heavy in old houses
• Air conditioners
• Load on walls, can fall
• Antennas, can damage roof
• Free-standing walls, book cases, china cabinets,
  can topple

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Water Heaters Tip Easily
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Strap it to the wall!

• The straps should be metal, and firmly anchored
  into the studs or masonry walls
• There should be at least two
• The gas and water line connections should be made
  of flexible hose
• This could be your only source of fresh water for
  several days!

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Flying plaster
Soft-story 1st floor collapsed, Marina District
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Hang pictures well
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Anchor tall furniture
Note railings on shelves (like on a boat!)?
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Kitchens make amazing messes(electrical,gas,
waterand heavyappliances)?
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Not to mention GLASS!
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Use latches on cabinets
For fragile valuables and dangerous chemicals
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Earthquake PreparednessBefore a Quake

• Consider the safe and dangerous places in your
  home
• Fix what you can secure bookcases, cabinets,
  etc.
• Avoid what you cant move TV away from the bed,
  etc.
• Consider how to get to exits
• Is a window your likely escape route? Need a
  ladder?
• Will there be broken glass on the way?
• Adequate supplies, located in a secure spot.
• Flashlights, radio, batteries, first aid kit,
  water (or purifier), shoes, fire-extinguisher, a
  tarp or other cover
• Create a Disaster Kit (see Putting down roots
  in earthquake country)?
• Have a plan!
• Meeting places, supply locations, whos
  responsible for whom and what
• Establish a contact person out of the area to
  coordinate communication.
• Learn how to shut off utilities

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Gas line shut-off
Just takes a wrench
If a building has been sold in the last 20 years
or so, the gas meters Should have an automatic
shutoff
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Automatic Shut Off
A red ball will fall into the viewport after
automatic shutoff.
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Electrical turn-off
Main fuse box
Circuit breaker
Electricity is probably already out, but lots of
electrical appliances are damaged but still
plugged in. You dont want them coming back to
life when the power comes back on.
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Water shut-off
Special tool
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Family Emergency Plan KNOW YOUR ENVIRONMENT
SAFEST PLACE IN THE HOME During an earthquake,
stay away from heavy furniture, appliances,
large panes of glass, shelves holding heavy
objects, and masonry veneer (such as the
fireplace). These items tend to fall or break
and can injure you. Usually, a hallway is one of
the safest places if it is not crowded with
objects. Kitchens and garages tend to be the most
dangerous. Also, know the safest place in each
room. It will be difficult to move from one
place to another during a severe earthquake.
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Family Emergency Plan KNOW YOUR ENVIRONMENT
EXITS AND ALTERNATIVE EXITS Always know all the
possible ways to exit your house and workplace
in emergency situations. Try to discover exits
that would only be available to you in an
emergency.
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Family Emergency Plan KNOW YOUR ENVIRONMENT
LOCATION OF SHUT-OFF VALVES Know the location
of the shutoff valves for water, gas, and
electricity. Learn how to operate the valves. If
you are not sure, contact your utility company.
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Family Emergency Plan MAKE SPECIAL PROVISIONS
ELDERLY, DISABLED, OR PERSONS UNDER MEDICATION
These people may have difficulty moving around
after an earthquake. Plan to have someone help
them to evacuate if necessary. Also, they may
need special foods or medication. Be sure to
store several days' supply of these special
provisions.
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Family Emergency Plan MAKE SPECIAL PROVISIONS
PERSONS WHO DON'T SPEAK ENGLISH People who
cannot speak English often rely on their family
or friends for information. If they are
separated during an earthquake, they may need
help. Prepare emergency information cards,
written in English, indicating identification,
address, and special needs.
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Family Emergency Plan MAKE SPECIAL PROVISIONS
PETS After an earthquake, you should be
concerned with your own safety before taking
care of your pets. Storing extra food and water
for pets is always a good idea. Keep them in a
secure place at home after an earthquake. If you
are evacuated, they will not be allowed at the
emergency shelter.
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Family Emergency Plan KNOW YOUR COMMUNITY
POLICE AND FIRE Know the locations of the
nearest police station. Be aware that local fire
stations will probably be empty and locked up for
days after a major earthquake.
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Family Emergency Plan KNOW YOUR COMMUNITY
SHELTER AND MEDICAL CARE After a damaging
earthquake, emergency shelters and temporary
medical centers will be set up in your
community. Contact your local and state Office
of Emergency Services to find out the plans for
your area.
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Family Emergency Plan KNOW YOUR COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY PLANS Know your neighbors and their
skills. You may be able to help each other after
an earthquake. Also know where to go to help
your community after a disaster. It may be days
before outside emergency assistance arrives. It
is important to help each other.
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Family Emergency Plan PLAN TO MEET
PLAN TO REUNITE Make a plan on where and how to
unite family members. Choose a person outside
the immediate area to contact if family members
are separated. Long distance phone service will
probably be restored sooner than local service.
Remember, don't use the phone immediately after
an earthquake, and make local calls only for
emergencies.
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Family Emergency Plan PLAN TO MEET
PLAN RESPONSIBILITIES There will be many things
to take care of after an earthquake. Make a plan
with your family, friends, and neighbors
assigning specific responsibilities to each
person. Remember that it may be difficult to get
around after an earthquake, so each person's
tasks should be related to where they may be.
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Family Emergency Plan PLAN TO MEET
DEVELOP A MESSAGE DROP You need to identify a
secure location outside your home were family
members can leave messages for each other. This
way, if you're separated and unable to remain in
your home, your family will know where to go to
find you. You don't want to publicize that you
are not at home. That is why this location
should be secure and discrete (i.e. under a
paving stone, inside a tin can, in the back
yard, etc).
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Family Emergency Plan EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS
TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS Phones will probably
not work Infrastructure Power Phones knocked
off the hook or numerous people trying to
call Tips Have an out of state contact (long
distance restored first)? Use a pay-phone
also restored first Keep it short
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Disaster Supplies
Essentials Water 1 gallon per person per day (a
weeks supply of water is preferable)? Water
purification kit First aid kit, freshly
stocked First aid book Food Can opener
(non-electric)? Blankets or sleeping
bags Portable radio, flashlight and spare
batteries Essential medications Extra pair of
eyeglasses Extra pair of house and car keys Fire
extinguisher A-B-C type
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Disaster Supplies
Essentials (continued)? Food, water and
restraint (leash or carrier) for pets Cash and
change Baby supplies formula, bottle, pacifier,
soap and baby powder, clothing, blankets,
baby wipes, disposable diapers, canned food
and juices.
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Disaster Supplies
Sanitation Large plastic trash bags for waste
tarps and rain ponchos Large trash cans Bar soap
and liquid detergent Shampoo Toothpaste and
toothbrushes Feminine hygiene supplies Toilet
paper Household bleach
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Disaster Supplies
Safety and Comfort Sturdy shoes By your
Bed! Heavy gloves for clearing debris Candles and
matches Watch out for gas leaks Light
sticks Change of clothing Knife or razor
blades Garden hose for siphoning and
firefighting Tent Communication kit paper, pens,
stamps
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Disaster Supplies
Cooking Plastic knives, forks, spoons Paper
plates and cups Paper towels Heavy-duty
aluminum foil Camping stove for outdoor cooking
(caution before using fire to cook, make sure
there are no gas leaks never use charcoal
indoors)?
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Disaster Supplies
Tools and Supplies Axe, shovel, broom Adjustable
wrench for turning off gas Tool kit including a
screwdriver, pliers and a hammer Coil of 1/2
rope Plastic tape, staple gun and sheeting for
window replacement Bicycle City map
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Disaster Supplies
Store these items where you can get to them
after an earthquake!
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Disaster Supplies
Mobile Emergency Kit Store these items in your
car Nylon Carrying Bag or Day Pack
Bottled Water Non-perishable Food Can
Opener Transistor Radio and Extra
Batteries Flashlight and Extra Batteries
First Aid Kit Gloves Essential
Medication Blanket, Sleeping Bags, Space
Blanket Sealable Plastic Bags
Pre-moistened Towelettes Small Tool
Kit Matches and Lighter Walking
Shoes and extra Socks Change of
Clothes Jacket Cash (small
denominations and coins)?
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Disaster Supplies
Office Emergency Kit Dry Food - candy
bars, dried fruits, jerky, cookies, crackers,
etc. Drinks - water or orange juice
Tennis Shoes / Walking Shoes for office workers
First Aid Kit Routine Medications -
aspirin, tylenol, cold tablets, etc. Extra
Prescription Medications Flashlight with
extra batteries Chemical Light Sticks
Matches Small Battery Powered Radio, extra
batteries Small and Large Plastic Bags
Toiletries / Personal Hygiene Items
Entertainment Pack - Family Photos, Notebooks,
Reading Material and Games
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Earthquake insurance

• No simple strategy
• Changing state regulations
• Deductibles high
• Typically, first 100,000 worth of damage not
  covered for 500,000 house
• Vulnerability of insurance company
• FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) as
  back-up for insuranceno problem there, right?
• Trade-offs
• Could use funds to reinforce house
• Be sure to do basic things to reinforce structure

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Number of times/100 yrs shaking will exceed 0.2 g
(20 gravity)?

• 3/100 years in LA

• 85 chance of at least 1 M 7 in next 30 years
• Half on San Andreas system half on other faults
• Soil conditions affect level of shaking
• Greater in LA basin, San Gabriel, Ventura, San
  Bernardino valleys

www.scecdc.scec.org/ PhaseII.html
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Real risk from quakes

• Standard unit of risk
• 1 in a million chance of death in a year
• Equivalent to, on average each person losing 30
  minutes of life expectancy
• Math
• 31,557,600 sec in a year
• 1/1,000,000 risk per year
• each year 1/1,000,000 risk costs 30 s
• Average person has 60 yr life ahead
• Thus, get cost of 30 minutes on average
• 3 107 s 1 10-6/yr 60 yr 1800 s 30
  min
• of course, you either die or you dont

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Example

• Cigarette smoking
• Each cigarette adds about 1 in a million chance
  of death
• So smoking a cigarette shortens life, on average,
  by half an hour, or longer than the cigarette
  takes to smoke
• Not worth it?

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1 in a million risks

• Smoking a single cigarette
• Cancer, heart disease
• An hour in a coal mine
• Black lung
• Three hours in a coal mine
• An accident

Wilson, 1979
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More 1 in a million risks

• Air pollution
• Living 2 days in NY or Boston
• Accidents
• 6 minutes in a canoe
• 10 miles on a bicycle
• 150 miles by car
• 1000 miles by jet
• Cancers
• 6000 miles by jet
• Living 2 months in Denver (high altitude)?
• 2 months in a stone building (radioactivity)?
• 1 chest X-ray

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Still more 1 in a million risks

• Cancers
• Living 2 months with a smoker
• 40 tbsp. peanut butter (aflatoxin B)?
• Miami water for a year (chloroform)?
• 30 cans of diet soda (saccharin)?
• 100 charcoal-broiled steaks

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Risk of dying in a year

• All natural causes (age 40) 1 in 850
• Violence or poisoning 1 in 3300
• Traffic accident 1 in 8000
• Quake (in Iran) 1 in 23,000
• Train accident 1 in 500,000
• Quake(in California) 1 in 2,000,000
• Lightning 1 in 10,000,000
• Windstorm 1 in 10,000,000

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Whats that I feel?

• Is that an earthquake?
• It is!
• What do I do to keep myself safe?
• cover your head
• get under something solid and hang on to it
• wait for the shaking to stop and carefully make
  your way outside
• get away from the building and any overhead power
  lines

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During quake

• IF YOU ARE OUTSIDE, STAY OUTSIDE AND MOVE AWAY
  FROM STRUCTURES, TREES AND POWER LINES
• IF YOU ARE INSIDE, STAY INSIDE
• Get under table or secure furniture (desks are
  good)?
• If youre in bed, stay there, protect your head
• Avoid swinging doors
• Watch out for
• Heavy, tall furniture
• swinging lights, falling plaster
• Avoid big windows and chimneys
• Do not rush outdoors or into stairwells or
  doorways!

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During a Quake

• Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake
  strikes. Hold on and protect your head with a
  pillow, unless you are under a heavy light
  fixture that could fall. In that case, move to
  the nearest safe place.
• You should have already earthquake proofed your
  sleeping area

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During a Quake

• Use a doorway for shelter only if it is in close
  proximity to you and if you know it is a strongly
  supported, loadbearing doorway.
• Watch out for the door

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During a Quake

• Stay inside until shaking stops and it is safe to
  go outside. Research has shown that most injuries
  occur when people inside buildings attempt to
  move to a different location inside the building
  or try to leave.

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During a Quake

• If in a high rise building
• Stay away from windows and outside walls
• Get under a table
• Do not use the elevators

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During a Quake

• If in a crowded public space
• Do not rush for the doors
• Crouch and cover your head and neck with your
  hands and arms

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During a Quake

• If outside
• Stay away from the sides of buildings, walls,
  trees, and power lines
• If in a car
• Stop in an open area away from overpasses or
  bridges
• Stay in the car
• Described like having a flat tire

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During a Quake

• If trapped under debris
• Do not light a match
• Do not move about or kick up dust
• Cover your mouth with a hankerchief or clothing
• Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you.
  Use a whistle if one is available. Shout only as
  a last resort. Shouting can cause you to inhale
  dangerous amounts of dust.

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After a Quake

• Be ready for aftershocks!

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Once quake stops

• Walk slowly outdoors
• Beware of broken glass
• Stay in open areas
• Only re-enter safe buildings
• If in a car
• Stop in an open area
• Stay in car and let emergency vehicles get where
  they need to go
• Proceed slowly cautiously road may be damaged
  or hazardous

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After A Quake

• Put your disaster plan into effect
• Each person has a responsibility
• Meeting place if exiting building
• Care for injured people
• Establish a safe shelter
• Check
• gas lines
• electric lines
• then water lines

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After A Quake

• TURN OFF YOUR GAS METER AT THE SHUT OFF VALVE
• If you smell, hear, or even suspect gas is
  escaping in your damaged or undamaged
  building(s).
• If your gas water heater or any other gas
  appliance has been knocked over and/or pulled
  free from its wall connection.
• If your building has suffered extensive damage,
  such as large cracks in the walls or in the
  concrete slab floors, etc. AND you suspect the
  gas lines may have been damaged.

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After A Quake

• TURN OFF YOUR GAS METER AT THE SHUT OFF VALVE
• WARNING . . . If you smell gas don't turn on or
  off any switches. Don't use any open flame to
  check for leaks. Don't turn on any battery
  operated flashlights, unless they are safety
  rated waterproof lights. Chemical light sticks
  are a safe source of light in the event of a gas
  leak.
• WARNING . . . It is very dangerous, and therefore
  not recommended that you go searching for gas
  leaks inside any damaged building.
• BE AWARE After an earthquake, aftershocks will
  continue to occur, possibly causing additional
  damage (or even first damage) to your
  building(s).
• REMEMBER Do not turn the gas valve back on after
  an earthquake, unless a qualified person has
  checked extensively for gas leaks.

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Broken gas line
Porch fell down on gas line, Santa Rosa, 1969
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House fell off foundation
Damaged gas meter gt risk of fire
Watsonville, 1989 Loma Prieta quake
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Gas leak ignited - house burned down
Watsonville, 1989 Loma Prieta quake
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Gas and Water Main Break
1994 Northridge Earthquake
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Live electric lines
You dont want to deal with theseget away and
alert others to the danger
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Broken water main
1994 Northridge quake
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Fire hydrant out of service
Marina district
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Then

• Remember
• Try to minimize phone use (save those
  batteries!)?
• Aftershocks are certain and may be dangerous
• Landslides and tsunamis may be possible
• Do not go to the beach.
• Follow your plan
• Whos gonna take care of you?
• Water, electricity, transportation may be
  unavailable for extended periods of time

118
After A Quake

• Other Things To Do and Be Aware Of
• Listen to a battery-operated radio or television.
  Listen for the latest emergency information.
• Open cabinets cautiously. Beware of objects that
  can fall off shelves.
• Stay away from damaged areas. Stay away unless
  your assistance has been specifically requested
  by police, fire, or relief organizations. Return
  home only when authorities say it is safe.

119
After A Quake

• Other Things To Do and Be Aware Of
• Be aware of possible tsunamis if you live in
  coastal areas. When local authorities issue a
  tsunami warning, assume that a series of
  dangerous waves is on the way. Stay away from the
  beach.
• Help injured or trapped persons. Remember to help
  your neighbors who may require special assistance
  such as infants, the elderly, and people with
  disabilities. Give first aid where appropriate.
  Do not move seriously injured persons unless they
  are in immediate danger of further injury. Call
  for help.

120
After A Quake

• Other Things To Do and Be Aware Of
• Clean up spilled medicines, bleaches, gasoline or
  other flammable liquids immediately. Leave the
  area if you smell gas or fumes from other
  chemicals.
• Inspect the entire length of chimneys for damage.
  Unnoticed damage could lead to a fire.

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Psychological stress
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After A Quake

• Children may be especially upset and exhibit
  exaggerated emotions following the disaster.
  These reactions are normal and usually will not
  last long.
• LISTED BELOW ARE SOME PROBLEMS YOU MAY SEE IN
  YOUR CHILDREN
• Excessive fear of darkness, separation, or
  being alone
• Clinging to parents, fear of strangers
• Worry Increase in immature
  behaviors
• Not wanting to go to school
• Changes in eating/sleeping behaviors
• Increase in aggressive behavior or shyness
• Bed-wetting or thumb-sucking
• Persistent nightmares
• Headaches or other physical complaints

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After A Quake

• SOME THINGS THAT WILL HELP YOUR CHILD ARE
• Talk with your child about his/her feelings
  about the disaster. Share your feelings too.
• Talk about what happened, give your child
  information he/she can understand.
• Reassure your child that you are safe and
  together. You may need to repeat this reassurance
  often.
• Hold and touch your child often.
• Spend extra time with your child at
  bedtime.
• Allow your child to mourn or grieve over
  the lost toy, a lost blanket, or a lost home.
• If you feel your child is having problems
  at school, talk to his/her teacher so you can
  work together to help your child.

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After A Quake

• Adults
• Having just experienced the shock and pain of a
  disaster, you will be very busy for the next few
  days or weeks.
• As the immediate shock wears off, you will start
  to rebuild and put your life back together. There
  are some normal reactions we may all experience
  as a result of a disaster.
• Generally, these feelings don't last long, but it
  is common to feel let down and resentful many
  months after the event. Some feelings or
  responses may not appear until weeks or even
  months after the disaster.

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After A Quake

• Some common responses are
• Irritability/Anger
• Sadness
• Fatigue
• Headaches or Nausea
• Loss of Appetite
• Hyperactivity
• Inability to Sleep
• Lack of Concentration
• Nightmares
• Increase in Alcohol or Drug Consumption
• Many victims of disaster will have at least one
  of these responses. Acknowledging your feelings
  and stress is the first step in feeling better.

126
After A Quake

• Other helpful things to do include the following
• Talk about your disaster experiences.
  Sharing your feelings rather than holding them in
  will help you feel better about what happened.
• Take time off from cares, worries, and home
  repairs. Take time for recreation, relaxation or
  a favorite hobby. Getting away from home for a
  day or a few hours with close friends can help.
• Pay attention to your health, good diet,
  and adequate sleep. Relaxation exercises may help
  if you have difficulty sleeping.
• Prepare for possible future emergencies to
  lessen feelings of helplessness and bring peace
  of mind.
• Rebuild personal relationships in addition
  to repairing other aspects of your life. Couples
  should make time to be alone together, both to
  talk and have fun.

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Training and Resources

• American Red Cross - http//www.redcross.org/servi
  ces/disaster
• California Office of Emergency Services (OES)
  -http//www.oes.ca.gov
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)?
• http//www.fema.gov/hazard/earthquake/index.shtm
• LA City Fire Dept - http//www.lacity.org/LAFD/
• CERT Training - http//www.cert-la.com
• Southern California Earthquake Center -
  http//www.scec.org/
• Putting down roots... - http//www.earthquakecou
  ntry.info/roots/index.php