The Personality Psychopathology Five PSY5

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The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5)

• William P. Wattles, Ph.D.
• Francis Marion University

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Five-factor model (FFM)

• One of the more prominent models in contemporary
  psychology is what is known as the five-factor
  model of personality.
• A dimensional rather than categorical approach
  from 1933

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• If this hypothesis is correctif we have truly
  discovered the basic dimensions of personalityit
  marks a turning point for personality
  psychology.
• McCrae RR, John OP. 1992. An introduction to
  the Five Factor Model and its applications. J.
  Pers. 60175 215

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The five-factor model of personality

• The five-factor model of personality is a
  hierarchical organization of personality traits
  in terms of five basic dimensions Extraversion,
  Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism,
  and Openness to Experience.

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The common variance among personality traits

• can be understood in terms of the five factors
  of.
• conscientiousness
• agreeableness
• neuroticism
• openness
• extroversion-introversion
• Costa, P. T. McCrae, R. R. (1995).
  Psychological Bulletin, Vol 117(2), Mar 1995. pp.
  216-220.

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Current consensus

• The five factors are
• conscientiousness
• agreeableness
• neuroticism
• openness
• extroversion-introversion

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Current consensus

• The five factors are
• openness
• conscientiousness
• extroversion-introversion
• agreeableness
• neuroticism

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Openness

• Openness refers to how willing people are to make
  adjustments in notions and activities in
  accordance with new ideas or situations
• appreciation for art, emotion, adventure,
  unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and
  variety of experience

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Conscientiousness

• Conscientiousness refers to how much a person
  considers others when making decisions.
• tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully,
  and aim for achievement planned rather than
  spontaneous behaviour.

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Extroversion

• Extroversion is defined as a trait characterized
  by a keen interest in other people and external
  events, and venturing forth with confidence into
  the unknown.
• energy, positive emotions, surgency, and the
  tendency to seek stimulation and the company of
  others

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Agreeableness

• Agreeableness measures how compatible people are
  with other people, or basically how able they are
  to get along with others
• a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative
  rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards
  others.

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Neuroticism

• Neuroticism is a dimension of personality defined
  by stability and low anxiety at one end as
  opposed to instability and high anxiety at the
  other end.
• a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions
  easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or
  vulnerability

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• People at the extremes one or more of the five
  variables are likely to have some sort of
  psychological abnormality associated with that
  trait.
• People are likely to select their environment in
  such a way that this trait is perpetuated.
• To keep this cycle from iterating, psychologists
  make their patients come to terms with the flawed
  trait, allowing the patient to break the cycle

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• Individual differences
• Situational constraints
• The Big Five personality traits are empirical
  observations, not a theory

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Five-dimension model

• I. Aggressiveness,
• II. Psychoticism,
• III. Constraint,
• IV. Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism
• V. Positive Emotionality/Extraversion

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I. Aggressiveness

• Aggressiveness entails dispositional differences
  in agonal behavior, particularly offensive
  aggression

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I. Aggressiveness

• grandiosity versus egalitarianism
• If you see yourself on approximately the same
  level as most others, this tends to inhibit
  aggressiveness, whereas genocide and less
  malignant forms of aggression count heavily on
  perceptions of differential worth.

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I. Aggressiveness

• The desire for power and influence are also
  features of PSY-5 Aggressiveness
• Enjoyment of intimidating others to achieve ones
  goals.

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II. Psychoticism

• Psychoticism assesses the gross verisimilitude of
  our inner models of the outer social and object
  world.

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II. Psychoticism

• Although all of us have illusions,
  misperceptions, and mistaken beliefs, only a few
  have delusions and hallucinations.
• Disconnection from reality, unshared beliefs,
  unusual sensory and perceptual experiences
• Feel alienated with unrealistic expectation of
  harm

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III. Constraint

• Constraint combines features of
• Control versus Impulsiveness
• Harm-avoidance (physical risk aversion)
• Traditionalism (a dimension ranging from moral
  conservatism to the orientation of the
  libertine).

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III. Constraint

• This Constraint dimension is relevant to
  personality psychopathology in that it has
  obsessivecompulsive personality disorder at one
  end and antisocial personality disorder at the
  other end

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III. Constraint

• Someone low in PSY-5 Constraint would be
  impulsive, a risk taker and excitement seeker.

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IV. Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism

• A broad affective disposition to experience
  negative emotions, especially anxiety and
  nervousness.

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V. Positive Emotionality/Extraversion

• A broad disposition to experience positive
  affects to seek out and enjoy social experiences,
  and to have the energy to pursue goals and be
  engaged in life's tasks.

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• The PSY-5 constructs are models of traits
  designed to aid in personality description and to
  complement personality disorder diagnosis with
  quantitative dimensions.

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PSY-5 Interpretation

• The Personality Psychopathology Five represent
  five important differences between adaptive and
  nonadaptive personality style.
• Interpret low scores only for INTR and DISC
  scales
• Page 173

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Aggressiveness (AGGR)

• High scores
• Grandiose
• Resentful
• Cold
• at times cruel.
• This scale assesses a sort of hostile narcissist.
  

• 1. Aggressiveness (i.e., is the person
  aggressive, assaultive, rude and uncaring?).

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Psychoticism PSYC)

• High scores
• have-poor reality testing
• Suspicious
• hostile.

• 2. Psychoticism (i.e., does the person have a
  healthy contact with reality, or is the person
  likely to have unrealistic beliefs,
  misperceptions, and psychotic experiences?).

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Discontraint (DISC)

• High scores
• insufficient delay of gratification
• Unreliable
• Rebellious
• Hedonistic
• acting out.

• 3. Constraint (i.e., is the person responsible
  and emotionally controlled or a disorganized
  risk-taker with little regard for legality?).

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Discontraint (DISC)

• Low scores ( 40)
• Self-controlled and not impulsive
• Do not take may physical risks
• High tolerance for boredom
• Tend to follow rules and laws
• May prefer structure in therapy

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Negative emotionality/ Neuroticism (NEGE)

• High scores
• Worry
• Stress
• Hypersensitivity
• emotional under control.

• 4. Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism (NEM i.e.,
  is the person tense, anxious, and likely to
  experience negative affect?).

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Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality (INTR)

• High scores have low energy, withdrawn,
  anhedonia, and low self-esteem
• Schizoid or impoverished emotional life.
• Low Positive Emotionality

• 5. Positive Emotionality/Extraversion (PEM i.e.,
  is the person energetic and interested in social
  contacts or anhedonic and withdrawn?)

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Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality (INTR)

• Low scores ( 40)
• Able to experience joy
• Sociable
• Lots of energy

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Scale Development

• Replicated rational selection was developed to
  identify potential items.
• One effect of using replicated rational selection
  is to build highly obvious rather than subtle
  scales.
• 114 undergraduates

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• No item is used in more than one PSY-5 scale.

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Item example

• For example, 95 of the item selectors trained in
  the nervous versus calm aspect of Negative
  Emotionality/Neuroticism picked MMPI2 Item 405,
  I am usually calm and not easily upset.

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Reliability and Validity

• These are enduring personality characteristics so
  they should be stable.
• PSY-5 scales are generally temporally stable.

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Reliability and Validity

• The college sample total screened sample size is
  2,928 (1,150 men, 1,778 women)
• The Psychiatric A sample is a composite sample of
  328 patients (184 men, 144 women) in chronic care

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NEO PI-R,

• is a psychological personality inventory a
  240-question measure of the Five Factor Model

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Neuroticism

• 1. Anxiety
• 2. Hostility
• 3. Depression
• 4. Self-Consciousness
• 5. Impulsiveness
• 6. Vulnerability to Stress

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Extraversion

• Warmth
• Gregariousness
• Assertiveness
• Activity
• Excitement Seeking
• Positive Emotion

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Openness

• 1. Fantasy
• 2. Aesthetics
• 3. Feelings
• 4. Actions
• 5. Ideas
• 6. Values

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Agreeableness

• 1. Trust
• 2. Straightforwardness
• 3. Altruism
• 4. Compliance
• 5. Modesty
• 6. Tendermindedness

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Conscientiousness

• 1. Competence
• 2. Order
• 3. Dutifulness
• 4. Achievement Striving
• 5. Self-Discipline
• 6. Deliberation

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The End
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• Agonal Associated with or relating to great
  pain, especially the agony of death.

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• Verisimilitude The quality of appearing to be
  true or real.

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• Libertine One who acts without moral restraint
  a dissolute person.

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Surgency

• Other synonyms for surgency include dominance,
  self-confidence, competitiveness, outgoing,
  extroverted, and decisive.
• Surgency involves patterns of behavior often
  exhibited in group settings and generally
  concerned with getting ahead in life.
• Individuals lower in surgency prefer to work by
  themselves and have relatively little interest in
  influencing, controlling, or competing with
  others.