Yersiniosis and plague

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Yersiniosis and plague

• Yersinia enterocolitica
• Y. pseudotuberculosis
• Yersinia spp carried by large number of normal
  animals (30 of cattle, deer and lambs in NZ)
• Tonsils of pigs
• Psychrotrophic

• 2nd most common cause of food-borne disease in NZ
  in some years
• Enterocolitis, fever, adominal pain, rarely
  septicaemic, mesenteric lymphadenitis

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Yersinia pestis

• Wild rodent gt flea gt brown rat gt flea gt black rat
  gt flea gt human (bubonic plague) gt human
  (pneumonic)

• Historical plagues
• 1000 BC Philistines versus Israelites
• 592 AD Arabia to Roman empire
• 1661 AD Black Death of Europe
• 1894 AD Canton to Japan, California, Middle East,
  Scotland, Australia and NZ

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Plague

• 1898 1918 in Bombay, 10 million died
• Endemic foci established in many countries (USA,
  India, inner China and Mongolia)

• South Africa gerbils
• USA - ground squirrels, prairie dogs
• Siberia marmots, gerbils

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Bacillus anthracis

• No case in NZ since 1954
• Endemic in Australia and many parts of world
• Spore form persists in soil for MANY years
• Anthrax belts recognised in many countries

• Outbreaks occur in particular areas when animals
  grazing in close contact with contaminated soil
• Vaccination effective
• Burn, dont bury, infected carcases
• Exploited for bio-terrorism (aerosolised)

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Rat bite fever

• Haverhill fever
• Streptobacillus moniliformis
• Common inhabitant of URT of rats
• Human infection
• Incub lt 10 days
• Initial healing
• Chills, muscle pains, fever, macular rash
• Mortality 5-10

• Sodoku
• Spirillum minus
• Incubn period gt 10 d
• Bite heals, then suppurates, lymphangitis
• Both forms susceptible to penicillin

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Cat scratch disease

• Bartonella henselae
• No associated disease in cats
• Local papule/pustule
• Regional lymphadenitis, fever 1-10 weeks later
• Occuloglandular syndrome

• Common in cats world wide (no information for NZ)
  25-40 bacteraemic
• Human infection may be subclinical (36 cat
  owners skin test ve, 0.8 of controls)

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Animal bites and scratches

• Data from USA
• gt 1 million/year
• 1 hospitalised
• Mostly children
• 60 on limbs
• Head neck in lt10 yo
• Dogs 90
• Cats 6

• At risk veterinarians, animal handlers, mail
  delivery, CHILDREN
• gt 60 species of bacteria in mouth of dogs
• P multocida
• Staph aureus
• Bacteroides spp

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Animal bites and scratches

• Other biting species
• Monkeys (Herpesvirus simiae, TB, Hepatitis,
  Marburg)
• Dolphin (Mycobacterium marinum)

• Treatment
• Clean
• Irrigate
• Debride
• Check for foreign bodies
• Pen, Erythromycin, Metronidazole