CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

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• CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
• maintenance

CEM 417
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WEEK 3

• Stages for construction

1. Building
2. Retaining walls, Drainage
3. Road, Highway, Bridges
4. Airports, Offshore/Marine structure

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ROADS, HIGHWAYS BRIDGES
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WEEK 3

• At the end of week 3 lectures, student will be
  able to
• Identify the different types of roads, highways
  and bridges and their respective functions. (CO1
  CO3)

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flash.lakeheadu.ca/.../Highway20Design20-20Clas
s20notes20220-20Functional20classification.pp
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• Highway Development Process and Functional
  Classification

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Overview of the Highway Development Process
http//www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm
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Highway Development Process

• Highway design is only one element of the overall
  development process
• Five stages of highway development process
  planning, project development, final design,
  right-of-way, and construction
• Different activities with overlap in terms of
  coordination
• Flexibility available for highway design during
  the detailed design phase is limited by decisions
  on early stages

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http//www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm
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Planning

• Initial definition of the need for any highway or
  bridge improvement project takes place in this
  phase
• Problems identified fall into these categories
• Existing physical structure needs major
  repair/replacement
• Existing or projected future travel demands
  exceed available capacity, and access to
  transportation and mobility need to be increased
  (capacity).
• The route is experiencing an inordinate number of
  safety and accident problems that can only be
  resolved through physical, geometric changes
  (safety).
• Developmental pressures along the route make a
  reexamination of the number, location, and
  physical design of access points necessary
  (access).

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Planning (contd.)

• Once problem is identified, it is important that
  all parties agree that the problem exists and
  that it should be fixed
• Consider potential impacts of project
• How will the proposed transportation improvement
  affect the general physical character of the area
  surrounding the project?
• Does the area to be affected have unique historic
  or scenic characteristics?
• What are the safety, capacity, and cost concerns
  of the community?
• Answers on this phase

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Factors in Planning
http//www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm
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Project Development

• Environmental analysis intensifies
• Includes a description of the location and major
  design features of the recommended project
• Try to avoid, minimize and mitigate environmental
  impacts
• Basic steps
• Refinement of purpose and need
• Development of a range of alternatives (including
  the "no-build" and traffic management system)
• Evaluation of alternatives and their impact on
  the natural and built environments
• Development of appropriate mitigation

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Project Development (contd.)

• Assess area
• Consider context and physical location
• Data collection effort
• Identify constraints
• Consider factors and select preferred alternative

http//www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm
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Final Design

• After a preferred alternative is selected and the
  project description agreed on upon as stated in
  the environmental document, the final design
  occurs
• The product of this phase is a complete set of
  plans, specifications, and estimates (PSEs) of
  required quantities of materials ready for the
  solicitation of construction bids and subsequent
  construction
• Depending on the scale and complexity, this phase
  may take from a few months to several years

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Final Design (contd.)

• Need to employ imagination, ingenuity and
  flexibility
• Be aware of commitment of previous phases
• Ability of making minor changes to original
  concept
• Design considerations
• Developing a concept
• Considering scale
• Detailing the design

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Right-of-Way, Construction and Maintenance

• During the right-of-way acquisition and
  construction phases, minor adjustments in the
  design may be necessary
• Construction may be simple or complex and may
  require a few months to several years
• Maintenance is very important to keep the
  character of the road

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• Functional Classification

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Functional Classification

• Is the process by which streets and highways are
  grouped into classes, or systems, according to
  the character of traffic service that they are
  intended to provide
• Streets and highways classification
• Orderly grouping roads based on service
• Assist in geometric design features
• In accordance with operational needs
• Establishes hierarchy of roads
• Efficient and safe if road serve their purpose

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Functional Classification (contd.)

• Assessment of operating conditions
• Comparison between actual and intended purpose
• Chance to sort data based on type of road
• Collision data not yet available
• Three functional classifications
• arterials
• Collector
• local roads

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ROADWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASSES

• Determined by characteristics
• function
• access density
• traffic demands
• trip length
• expected speed

http//www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/flex/ch01.htm
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Roadway Functional Classes (contd.)

• Arterial highest level of service, high
  mobility, low access, long trips, fast speeds
• Collector less highly developed level of
  service, lower speed for shorter trips, collects
  traffic from local roads and connecting them with
  arterials
• Local all roads not defined as arterials or
  collectors, provides access to land with littler
  or not through traffic, low speed

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Service FunctionSource TAC Geometric Design
Guide for Canadian Roads
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Functional Classification in the Design Process

• The first step in the design process is to define
  the function that the facility is to serve.
• The level of service required to fulfill this
  function provides the basis for design speed and
  geometric criteria within the range of values
  available to the designer
• Functional classification decisions are made
  before the design phase, but there is flexibility
  in the major controlling factor of design speed

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Design Classification System

• Source TAC Geometric Design Guide for Canadian
  Roads
• Classification system (differences in)
• Traffic and land service
• Design features
• Operational needs (adjacent land use)
• For all areas in Canada
• Rural (R) Urban (U)
• Lane
• Local (L) Local (L)
• Collector (C) Collector (C)
• Arterial (A) Arterial (A)
• Expressway (E)
• Freeway (F) Freeway (F)

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Design Classification (contd.)

• Ten primary divisions
• Design subdivisions
• Divided (D) or undivided (U)
• Design speed (value)
• Example (See Table 1.3.2.1, next slide)
• RAD (90)
• UCU (80)
• Comments
• Number of classes 63
• Design speed increases from local to freeways
• All locals street are undivided
• All freeways are divided

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Rural Design ClassificationSource TAC Geometric
Design Guide for Canadian Roads
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Factors considered in Classification

• Adjacent Land Use
• Urban vs. rural classification
• Service Function
• Access to land. Ex local
• Service to traffic. Ex freeways
• both
• Traffic Volume
• Freeways high volume
• Collectors and locals low volume
• Flow Characteristics
• Freeways uninterrupted facility
• Locals interrupted facility

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Factors considered in Classification (contd.)

• Running Speed
• Generally increase from locals to collectors to
  arterials to freeways
• Vehicle Type
• Proportion of passenger cars, buses, large trucks
• Connections
• Normal for roads to connect to the same
  classification or one higher or one lower
• See Table 1.3.3.1
• For Characteristics of Rural Roads
• See Table 1.3.4.1
• For Characteristics of Urban Roads
• See Table 1.3.4.2

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Road Connections
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Comments

• Comments
• Rural and urban roads are the same in terms of
  service function, and land service
• Volumes are higher on urban roads than on rural
  roads
• Design speeds on urban roads are lower than in
  rural roads
• Vehicles types are different, especially for
  local streets
• Government agency responsible for each type of
  road
• Municipal government -urban local, collectors
• Provincial government rural - freeways
• Similar roads have similar designs, construction,
  maintenance and operation
• Similar roads similar costs

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• BRIDGES Development Process and Functional
  Classification

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HTTP//WWW.BUZZLE.COM/ARTICLES/TYPES-OF-BRIDGES.HT
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• Top 20 Most Popular Bridges in the WorldOther
  than the above given names, here are some more
  names of the most famous bridges of the world.

• Chengyang Bridge, China
• Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan
• Alcántara Bridge, Spain
• Millau Bridge, France
• Chapel Bridge, Switzerland
• Galata Bridge, Turkey
• Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong
• Banpo Bridge, South Korea
• Magdeburg Water Bridge, Germany
• Howrah Bridge, India

• Kintai Bridge, Japan
• Chain Bridge, Hungary
• Ponte Vecchio, Italy
• Pont des Arts, France
• Bosphorus Bridge, Turkey
• Charles Bridge, Czech Republic
• Rialto Bridge, Italy
• Jacques Cartier Bridge, Canada
• Stari Most, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Great Belt Bridge, Denmark

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• Bridge is not a construction but it is a concept,
  the concept of crossing over large spans of land
  or huge masses of water. The idea behind a bridge
  is to connect two far-off points eventually
  reducing the distance between them. Apart from
  this poetic aspect of bridges, there is a
  technical aspect to them that classifies bridges
  on the basis of the techniques of their
  construction

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• Beam Bridge A beam bridge was derived from the
  log bridge. It is built from shallow steel beams,
  box girders and concrete. Highway overpasses,
  flyovers or walkways are often beam bridges. A
  horizontal beam supported at its ends comprises
  the structure of a beam bridge. The construction
  of a beam bridge is the simplest of all the types
  of bridges.

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• Truss Bridge A truss bridge is built by
  connecting straight elements with the help of pin
  joints. Owing to the abundance of wood in the
  United States, truss bridges of the olden times
  used timbers for compression and iron rods for
  bearing tension. Truss bridges came to be
  commonly constructed from the 1870s to the 1930s.
  Deck truss railroad bridge that extends over the
  Erie Canal is one of the many famous truss
  bridges.

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• Arch Bridge Going by its name, it is arch-shaped
  and has supports at both its ends. The weight of
  an arch-shaped bridge is forced into the supports
  at either end. The Mycenaean Arkadiko Bridge in
  Greece of 1300 BC is the oldest existing
  arch-shaped bridge. Etruscans and the ancient
  Greeks were aware of arches since long. But the
  Romans were foremost in discovering the use of
  arches in the construction of bridges. Arch
  bridges have now evolved into compression arch
  suspended-deck bridge enabling the use of light
  and strongly tensile materials in their
  construction.

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• Suspension Bridge A bridge falling under this
  category is suspended from cables. The suspension
  cables are anchored at each end of the bridge.
  The load that the bridge bears converts into the
  tension in the cables. These cables stretch
  beyond the pillars up to the dock-level supports
  further to the anchors in the ground. The Golden
  Gate Bridge of USA, Tsing Ma Bridge of China and
  the Humber Bridge of England are some of the
  famous suspension bridges.

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• Cable-stayed Bridge Structured similar to the
  suspension bridges, the difference lies in the
  amount of cable used. Less cable is required and
  consequently, the towers holding the cables are
  shorter. Two variants of cable-stayed bridges
  exist. In the harp design, cables are attached to
  multiple points of the tower thus making them
  parallel. In the fan variant of design, all the
  cables connect to the tower or pass over it.
  Cable Bridge boasts of being the first
  cable-stayed bridge of USA. Centennial Bridge is
  another well-known cable-stayed bridge.

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• Cantilever bridge Cantilevers are the structures
  that project along the X-axis in space. They are
  supported only on one end. Bridges intended to
  carry lesser traffic may use simple beams while
  those aimed at handling larger traffic make use
  of trusses or box girders. The 1800 feet Quebec
  Bridge of Canada and the San Francisco-Oakland
  Bay Bridge that is 1400 feet long are some
  examples of the cantilever bridges.

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• Truss Bridge TypesTruss is a structure composed
  of triangular units which consists of straight
  beams connected at the joints called nodes. The
  application of this principle and their
  improvisation further led to the invention and
  design of various types of truss bridges around
  the world. These are some truss bridge types with
  examples

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• Howe Truss BridgeThis is named after its
  inventor William Howe, and was designed for the
  use of timber as diagonal compressions and iron
  as vertical tensions. Howe truss was later
  improvised to use steel for its construction and
  became a forerunner of iron bridges. These truss
  bridge types are popular as railroad bridges, and
  a well preserved example is the Comstock Bridge
  over the Salmon river, Colchester.
• Allan Truss BridgeThis was designed by Percy
  Allan, hence it was named as Allan Truss. Hampden
  Bridge in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales,
  Australia, is one of the most famous bridges and
  an example of Allan Truss Bridge. It is the first
  of this type and constructed with wood and
  ironbark for strength. This is the simplest among
  the other truss bridges, economical due to the
  use of less material and easier to repair.
• Truss Arch BridgeThis type of truss bridge
  combines the design of truss and arch bridges, in
  which the trusses are fitted within the arch. A
  famous example of this type is the Iron Bridge
  across the river Severn, Shropshire, England.

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• Bollman Truss BridgeNamed after its inventor
  Wendell Bollman, this type of truss bridge is
  built only using metals, mostly wrought iron and
  cast iron. Most of the railroad bridges around
  the world are built by adopting this design due
  to the ease of assembly and its durability.
  Though common after its invention, only one
  bridge of this type is available today. The
  oldest and most historic, the Bollman Truss Rail
  Road Bridge in Savage, Maryland, is an example of
  revolutionary truss bridge design in engineering
  history.
• Pratt Truss BridgeIt is exactly the opposite of
  Howe truss bridge in structure. Here, the
  diagonals are in tension and the vertical
  elements are under compression, both sloping
  towards the center in a V-shape. Earlier Pratt
  truss bridges were made of timber and iron truss,
  but later it was made of iron only. It has many
  variations, due to the modifications made on this
  design, to make it lighter, but was originally
  designed by Thomas and Celeb Pratt. An example of
  these truss bridge types is the Schell Bridge in
  Northfield, Massachusetts.
• Bowstring Arch Truce BridgeThe father of tied
  arch bridge is considered to be Squire Whipple.
  This involves complicated engineering among the
  various truss bridge types, where the tension of
  the top chord is supported by the bottom chord,
  rather than being supported by the ground
  foundation. Due to this quality, tied arch
  bridges are usually built in areas of unstable
  soil. An example of this type is the Torikai Big
  Bridge over the Yado river, Osaka, Japan.

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• Cantilever BridgeCantilever bridges are named
  after its use of cantilevers and involve one of
  the most complex designs among different truss
  bridges. For supporting heavy load, cantilever
  bridges either use steel trusses or concrete box
  girders. For long bridges, steel truss
  cantilevers are used, which gives it strength and
  can be easily constructed. The Quebec Bridge in
  Quebec, Canada, is not only listed as one of the
  famous bridges of the world, but is also the
  longest cantilever bridge around.
• Bailey BridgeThis type of truss bridge was
  originally designed by Donald Bailey for use by
  military engineering units. These are portable
  bridges and are small enough for easy
  transportation, handling, installation and reuse.
  They are modular bridges, and unlike previous
  portable bridges used by the military, these do
  not require complicated equipments while
  assembling, and are very cost-effective.

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• Comstock Bridge
• Over Salmon River north of Route 16
• Colchester-East Hampton
• Covered timber truss
• Length 2 spans, 110' overall, 80 Maximum span
  length
• Built in 1873

The Howe Truss Bridge  (designed
by William Howe ) was patented in 1840. The
advantages of  the Howe Truss Bridge to the
railroad companies of the era were that it was
easy to prefabricate offsite and to ship by rail.
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Truss Arch Bridge
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Bollman Truss Bridge
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Pratt Truss Bridge
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Bowstring Arch Truss Bridge
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Cantilever Bridge
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Bailey Bridge