The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Criminalistics

1
The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and
Criminalistics

• Forensic Science
• Pleasant Valley High School

2
The Bow Street Runners

• Established by Henry Fielding in 1750
• Non-uniformed Londoners who literally ran to
  crime scenes to make informal observations
• Known as the first modern detective force
• 1st professional law enforcers

3
Sir Robert Peel

• Helped to establish a Metropolitan police force
  in London
• Peel is known as the father of modern policing

4
Rogues Gallery

• Picture gallery of known criminals in New York
• Arranged by height and criminal specialty
• Founded in 1857

5
Anthropometry man measurements

• Using body measurements as a means for personal
  identification
• Established in France by Alphonse Bertillon in
  1883
• System was abandoned after the discovery of
  dactylography (fingerprints)

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Dactylography

• Fingerprinting (literally, finger writing)
• Made popular by Sir Francis Galton after writing
  his book, Finger Prints
• Galton was a cousin of Charles Darwin.
• 1900- Henry system was adopted

7
Henry Classification System

• Est. by Sir Edward Henry of the Bengali, India,
  police force (1896)
• Used to classify fingerprints and exclude
  potential candidates --- NOT to identify a single
  person

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Henry Classification System (cont.)
3
8
9
4
2
7
10
5
1
6

• Additional numbers assigned based on fingerprint
  patterns.

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DNA

• 1987- Enderby Cases were first to use DNA as
  evidence (England)
• The FBI crime lab first used DNA analysis in
  1988.

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Bureau of Investigation

• Established in United States in 1908
• Renamed as the Federal Bureau of Investigation
  (FBI) in 1924

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Now for your assignment

• Do some research on the Henry system of
  fingerprinting. Write me a ½ page report on your
  findings

12
Matthieu Orfila (1787-1853)

• Father of forensic toxicology
• Study of poisons
• Published first report on poisons and their
  effects on animals
• Established forensic toxicology as a legitimate
  science

13
Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914)

• First system of personal identification
  anthropometry
• This procedure named him the father of criminal
  identification

14
Francis Galton (1822-1911)

• First definitive study of fingerprints
• Developed a method of classification
• His research is the grounds for modern
  fingerprint identification

15
Leone Lattes (1887-1954)

• Determined the procedure of determining blood
  type of a dried blood stain

16
Karl Landsteiner

• Discovered blood type groups
• A, B, AB, Omore to come later

17
Calvin Goddard (1891-1955)

• Invented the comparison microscope
• Applied his invention to firearms identification

18
Albert S. Osborn (1858-1946)

• Responsible for establishing the techniques used
  for document examination
• His book Questioned Documents is still a primary
  resource for document examiners

19
Walter C. McCrone (1916-2002)

• World renowned microscopist
• Professor of Forensic Science
• Taught thousands of forensic scientists the
  techniques of forensic microscopy

20
Hans Gross (1847-1915)

• Wrote the first book on criminal investigation
• Set guidelines for microscopy, chemistry,
  physics, mineralogy, zoology, botany,
  anthropometry, and fingerprinting

21
Edmond Locard (1877-1966)

• Started the first police laboratory
• Established Locards Exchange Priniciple

22
Careers in Forensics

• Most careers require a Bachelors Degree in a
  science
• Most commonly forensic professionals major in
  chemistry, biology, physics or criminal justice

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Forensic Toxicologist

• Detect toxic substances in the bodies being
  investigated
• Must hold at least a masters degree in forensic
  toxicology
• Ph.D. preferred
• Seek employment in
• Crime laboratories
• Medical Examiners Offices
• Police departments
• Criminal defense and prosecution attorneys
• Hospital and Clinical Chemistry Laboratories
• Pharmaceutical Industry
• High school science teachers

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Crime Scene Investigator

• Tasks vary from drug identification to footprint
  examination to chemical identification
• Minimal 2 year associates degree but bachelors
  degree preferred
• On-site training
• Seek employment in
• Crime lab
• Police/Sheriff departments
• State/Federal Investigation Offices

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Forensic Nurse

• Examine rape victims, testify on behalf of
  medical examiner
• Licensed Nurse or Registered Nurse (LPN or RN)
• Specialized graduate degree or on-site training
• Seek employment in
• Hospital Emergency Rooms
• State Medical Examiners Office
• FBI

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Forensic Odontologist

• Examine bite marks and dental molds to identify
  victims and suspects
• Doctor of Dentistry required with specialization
  in forensic science
• Seek Employment in
• Crime labs
• State Offices
• FBI
• Medical Examiners Office

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Document Examiner

• Investigate forgery, document originality,
  handwriting comparisons
• Bachelors Degree required
• On-site training
• Seek Employment in
• Crime labs
• Local law enforcement offices
• State/Federal Investigations

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Forensic Pathologist

• Perform autopsies and examine bodies involved in
  unexpected and violent deaths
• Also known as medical examiner
• MD required, highly specialized training and
  years of medical experience
• Seek employment with
• State Offices
• Federal Bureau of Investigation

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Forensic Psychologist

• Determine the ability of a suspect or victim to
  mentally be able to withstand trial
• Must have doctorate in counseling or forensic
  psychologist and complete fellowship/internship
  in forensic psychology
• Seek employment in
• State and local agencies
• Private practice

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Forensic Anthropologist

• Identify bones and bone structures
• Ph.D. required
• Usually work in a college or university

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Forensic Chemist

• Identify unknown substances, drug residue
• Bachelors degree or higher degree in Chemistry,
  Biochemistry, Toxicology, or Pharmacology
• Work in crime labs or private labs

32
Forensic Entomologist

• Identify time of death based on presence of
  insects and other organisms
• Ph.D. Required
• Work in college or university

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Dactylographer

• Identify suspects based on latent prints
• 2 year associates degree or higher
• On-site training
• Work in
• Private labs
• Crime labs
• Local departments/offices

34
Serologist

• Identify and examine body fluids
• Bachelors degree with coursework in
  biochemistry, statistics, genetics, molecular
  biology
• Work in
• Crime labs
• Private labs