Introduction and citation conventions

1
Introduction and citation conventions

• Judy Reading using Angela Carritts slides

2
Why do I have to cite?

• To give credit to the original author / creator
• To show which sources you have consulted
• To give greater authority to your own work
• So that the reader can refer to the original work
• If you dont cite your sources you may be guilty
  of plagiarism!
• Its a scholarly thing to do!
• More information about plagiarism from
• http//www.admin.ox.ac.uk/epsc/plagiarism/

3
When do I have to cite?

• When you are quoting someone elses words or data
  or reproducing their work
• When you are paraphrasing or reporting on someone
  elses ideas, works or research
• You do not need to cite anything which is common
  knowledge within your discipline

4
Is it just books that I have to cite?

• No
• Books, book chapters, journal articles,
  conference papers, statistics, theses, patents,
  web pages, weblog posts, law reports, statutes,
  parliamentary proceedings, parliamentary
  documents, government documents, interviews,
  broadcasts, podcasts, videos

5
How to I cite?

• It depends on the citation style used by your
  department but generally
• Include a brief reference in the body of your
  text at the point where you refer to someone
  elses work
• Give fuller details of the work you are citing in
  a separate part of your document (e.g. in
  footnotes, endnotes or references section)
• You may need a bibliography as well!
• Bibliography what you have read on the topic
• Footnotes/Endnotes/List of references what you
  have referred to

6
What should I include in a citation?

• The citation style used by your department will
  include detailed notes explaining exactly what
  you need to include in a citation
• The information you will need to provide will
  vary depending on what type of work you are
  citing (e.g. book, article, broadcast, web site)
• In general you must
• include enough information for your reader to
  find the work you are citing
• be consistent

7
What are citation styles?

• Rules governing how you cite your sources
• How to insert your citation in the text and where
  to put your full citations
• What details you need to include in your full
  citation for each type of document i.e. what
  details do you need to include when citing booka
  journal articlea web sitea conference paper etc
• Exactly how your reference should be laid out
  formatted, and punctuated - in detail

8
Citation styles Most citations styles are based
on

• The Author date system
• Harvard (many different flavours)
• APA (American Psychological Association)
• MLA (Modern Languages Association)
• Numerical systems
• Running notes style
• MHRA Modern Humanities Research Association
• Numeric style
• Vancouver
• IEEE

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Author-Date Styles

• Sources are cited in the body of the text by
  inserting the authors surname and year of
  publication in brackets
• The full citations of all the sources cited are
  given at the end of the text in alphabetical
  order of author

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e.g. Author-Date In text citation

• Why do tigers have stripes?
• Tyger! Tyger! burning bright (Blake 1794)
• Traditionally scientists have believed that the
  striped coats of tigers have evolved as a means
  of camouflaging the tiger when hunting for prey.
  However, recent research has shown that tigers
  prefer to wear stripes (Jones and Brown 2006).
  This has been supported by a survey of tigers at
  the Really rather hard to find reserve which
  revealed that that 87 of Tigers preferred
  stripes over plain or spotted coats (WWF 2008).

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e.g. Author-Date References

• BLAKE, W. (1794). The Tyger. In S. HEANEY and T
  HUGHES (Eds.) The rattle bag. London Faber and
  Faber, p. 444
• JONES, I. and F. BROWN. (2006). Tigers on the cat
  walk. London Sage.
• JONES, I and F. BROWN. (2007). The designer
  tiger. Journal of Something Obscure and
  Unlikely, vol. 35, no. 3, pp.25-89.
• SMITH, M.S. (2007) Tigers and zebras friends
  after all. Journal of Something Else Obscure,
  vol. 36, no. 1, pp.34-98.
• WORLD WILDLIFE FUND (2008) Tiger fashion survey
  http//www.wwf.org/blah Accessed 02/04/08)

Harvard comes in many different
flavours. Students MUST consult departmental
guides for guidance on exact formatting and
layout.
12
Notes on formatting citations using Harvard

• BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION (1989) BS16291989,
  Recommendations for references to published
  materials, London BSI
• BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION (1990) BS56051990,
  Recommendations for citing and referencing
  published materials, London BSI
• BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION (1989) BS
  5271-12000, Copy preparation and proof
  correction - part 1 design and layout of
  documents, London BSI
• ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY Harvard System of
  Referencing Guide _at_ http//libweb.anglia.ac.uk/ref
  erencing/harvard.htm
• UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND . The Harvard
  system referencing guide _at_ http//www.uwe.ac.uk/li
  brary/resources/general/info_study_skills/harvard2
  .htm
• UNIVERITY OF LIVERPOOL Referencing a guide for
  University of Liverpool online students _at_
  http//www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus/ref.htm
• BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY. BU guide to citation in
  the Harvard style brief guide _at_
  http//www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_refere
  nces/docs/Citing_Refs.pdf

13
Author-date variants

• APA is very similar to Harvard.
• MLA uses page numbers instead of year in the
  citation

14
Numerical referencing styles

• Numerical systems
• Superscript or bracketed number is inserted in
  the text
• Full citation given in footnotes / endnotes at
  the end of each chapter or the whole work
• Running notes style
• Every citation has a new number. If the same
  source is cited many times it will have many
  different numbers.
• British Standard Running notes system
• Modern Humanities Research Association style
• Numeric style
• Every unique citation has a new number. If the
  same source is cited many times it is always
  cited using the same number
• British Standard Numeric System
• Vancouver
• IEEE

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e.g. Running notes system

• Why do tigers have stripes?
• Tyger! Tyger! burning bright 1
• Traditionally scientists have believed that the
  striped coats of tigers have evolved as a means
  of camouflaging the tiger when hunting for prey.
  However, recent research2 has shown that tigers
  simply prefer stripes. This has been
  supported by a survey3 of tigers at the Really
  rather hard to find reserve which showed that
  87 of Tigers preferred stripes over plain or
  spotted coats.
• The main reason for tigers preference for
  spotted coats has developed as a reaction to the
  spotty coast of their natural enemy the Leopard4.
  However, Smith5 has pointed out that the tigers
  fondness for stripes is also based on their
  admiration for Zebras. His indepth study of the
  Indian tiger revealed that Tigers hold zebras for
  their for their stylish dress sense 6 and
  contribution to road safety. This has been born
  out by the WWF survey7 of Tigers in which 89 of
  zebras admired Zebras over other animals.

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e.g. Running notes - footnotes / endnotes

• BLAKE, W. The Tyger. The rattle bag. Eds.
  Seamus Heaney and Ted Hughes. London Faber and
  Faber, 1997. p. 444
• JONES, I. and BROWN, F. Tigers on the cat walk.
  London Sage, 2006.
• WORLD WILDLIFE FUND. Tiger fashion survey, 2008.
  Available at http//www.wwf.org/blah Accessed
  02/04/08
• JONES, I and BROWN F. The designer tiger. Journal
  of Something Obscure and Unlikely, 2007, vol. 35,
  no. 3, pp.25-89.
• SMITH, M.S. Tigers and zebras friends after all.
  Journal of Something Else Obscure, 2007, vol.
  36, no. 1, pp.34-98.
• Ibid. p 36
• WWF. op. cit. p.6

Running notes comes in many different
flavours. Students MUST consult departmental
guides for guidance on exact formatting and
layout.
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Running-notes style variants

• Also known, mostly outside Britain, as the
  Chicago, Turabian, Oxford or Cambridge style

18
Numeric reference style

• Why do tigers have stripes?
• Tyger! Tyger! burning bright (1)
• Traditionally scientists have believed that the
  striped coats of tigers have evolved as a means
  of camouflaging the tiger when hunting for prey.
  However, recent research (2) has shown that
  tigers simply prefer stripes. This has been
  supported by a survey (3) of tigers at the
  Really rather hard to find reserve which showed
  that 87 of Tigers preferred stripes over plain
  or spotted coats.

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Vancouver

1. Blake W. Tyger. In Heaney S, Hughes, H (Eds) The
   rattle bag. London Faber and Faber, 1982, p
   444.
2. Jones I, Brown F. Tigers on the cat walk.
   London Sage, 2006.
3. WWF Tiger fashion survery on the internet.
   London WWF. 2006. cited 2008 Apr 2. Tiger
   fashion survey Available from
   http//www.wwf.org/blah site.

Vancouver comes in many different
flavours. Students MUST consult departmental
guides for guidance on exact formatting and
layout.
20
Notes on formatting using the Vancouver and IEEE
systems

• Vancouver
• MONASH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. Vancouver style
  (uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted
  to biomedical journals)
• THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND. References/Bibliogr
  aphy Vancouver Styles How to guide
• UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN. Vancouver style guide_at_
  http//www.ucd.ie/library/students/information_ski
  lls/vancouver.html
• UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRLIA, Vanouver citation
  sytle _at_ http//www.library.uwa.edu.au/education_tr
  aining_and_support/guides/vancouver_citation_style
  
• IEEE
• UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE. IEEE Style _at_
  http//www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/cite/ieee/index.html
  essentials
• Monash University Library. Institute of
  Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) style
  examples_at_ http//www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/c
  iting/ieee.html
• UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY. IEEE citation style
  guide _at_ http//www.ucalgary.ca/lib-old/subjects/EN
  GG/IEEE20Citation20Style20Guide.pdf

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General references

• NEVILLE C. (2007). The complete guide to
  referencing and avoiding plagiarism. Maidenhead
  Open University Press
• PEARS R. and G. SHIELDS (2008) Cite them right
  the essential referencing guide. Newcastle Pear
  Tree Books
• FISHER D. and T. HANSTOCK. (1998) Citing
  references a guide for students. Oxford
  Blackwells