The Age of Anxiety

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The Age of Anxiety

• Chapter 26 Section 5
• Notes 6.0

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Objective

• Explain why the Cold War was an age of anxiety.
• Describe how American society reacts to the age
  of anxiety.

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What fears were associated with the Cold War?

• Peace was precarious
• Nuclear proliferation
• Internal threats raised by McCarthyism

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Secretary of State Dean Acheson
1949-1953Advocates a permanent alert against
Communism
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What encouraged the development of the two-income
family?

• Post war Baby Boom
• Post war spending spree
• Women experienced working during WWII
• Maintain middle-class standard of living

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National Fertility Rate

• The Baby Boom
• 1933 75 per 1,000 females
• 1945 109 per 1,000 females
• 1957 118 per 1,000 females

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What concerns were there about the two-income
family?

• 86 disapproved of women working if jobs scarce
  and husband could support her
• Appeals to return to traditional family
  bulwark against communism

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Concerns

• Dr. Benjamin Spock Baby and Child Care women
  should devote full time to maternal
  responsibilities
• J. Edgar Hoover fight crime and communism
  stay home
• College curriculums ? prepare women for marriage

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How did organized religion and education respond
to the Cold War?

• Billy Graham
• Wanted God-centered homes to fight communism
• Worried about moral contagion, juvenile
  delinquency, and communism

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Education

• Teachers strengthen national security through
  education teach superiority of American
  democratic system prepare for Soviet attack
  Zeal for Democracy

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The ReverendBilly Graham
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Bomb Shelter
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Duck and cover
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The Congressional Bunker Greenbrier, West Virginia
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The End of the Democratic Era

• Chapter 26 Section 6
• Notes 6.0

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Objectives

• Outline the events of the Korean War and the
  effect of the Korean War on American foreign
  policy.
• Evaluate the legacy of the Korean War.
• Identify the reasons for Trumans political
  downfall.

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The Division of Korea
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The 38th Parallel
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North Korea

• Post WW II Korea is divided (NS) at the 38th
  Parallel
• USSR reconstructs NK
• Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
• Leader Kim II Sung

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Kim II Sung
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South Korea

• US reconstructs south of the 38th parallel
• Republic of Korea
• Leader Syngman Rhee
• 1949- 500 US troops in SK

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Syngman Rhee
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How did the Korean War begin?

• June, 1950 NK attacks SK - Unify
• NK troops push SK back to Pusan
• The UN Security Council votes to send troops
• 16 nations
• 520,000 troops,(90 US)
• Leader General Douglas Mac Arthur

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General Douglas MacArthur
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Stage I NK attacks June, 1950
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NK tanks crossing the 38th parallel
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How did the U.S. respond to the war?

• Truman viewed the invasion as a Soviet test of
  containment
• Did not want to appease the Soviets
• Korea is the Greece of the Far East
• 2/3s of Americans polled approved of sending
  troops

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How did the Soviets regard the war?

• Supported Kim Il Sung in his wish to reunite
  Korea under one government
• Viewed Syngman Rhee as a Japanese collaborator
• Supplied North Korea with military equipment
• Denied instigating attack

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What effect did accusations have on Truman?

• Accused of selling out eastern Europe and
  losing China
• Did not want to appear soft on communism did
  not want to appease the Soviet Union
• Felt compelled to act

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HST signing the proclamation declaring Korea a
national emergency
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The Korean War

• Describe how the earliest actions of the war
  went and how things changed as MacArthur
  proceeded with the war.

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What were the major events of the Korean War?

• N. Korea pushed south to Pusan
• MacArthur landed at Inchon and moved west cutting
  off N. Korean supply lines
• ½ of N. Korean troops surrendered the rest fled
  to the north

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Major events

• MacArthur pursued them north hoping to reunify
  Korea under South Koreas terms
• China warned the U.S. away from the Yalu River

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Stage II US pushed to Pusan PerimeterJuly, 1950
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Stage IIIInchon Landing Sept. Oct, 1950
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Stage IV Oct. Nov,1950The YaluRiver
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Major events

• Nov., 1950 300,000 Chinese troops entered the
  war
• Chinese wanted N. Korea to be communist and were
  threatened by the American fleet
• Chinese drove U.N. troops south out of N. Korea
  and took Seoul
• Fighting continued for 2 more years

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Stage VWinter1951Fighting in Reverse
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1951-1952 Stalemate
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Saber Jets Over Korea
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The Chosin Reservoir
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What was MacArthurs position on China?

• Called for an extension of the war into China
• Wanted to use nuclear weapons on Chinese cities
  and blockade China

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MacArthur on Korea

• Truman rejected this feared would bring WWIII
• Gen. Omar Bradely - the wrong war, at the wrong
  place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong
  enemy

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Truman vs. MacArthur

• MacArthur went over Trumans head
• Spoke to newspapers and Republican leaders in
  Congress criticizing Truman
• Sent letter to Congress criticizing Truman saying
  that he failed to see the gravity of the
  situation in Asia
• Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination

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How did the Korean War end?

• Using conventional means UN forces and S.
  Koreans fought back and retook Seoul reaching the
  38th parallel
• S.U. suggested cease fire and truce talks began
• Agreed location of cease fire line and
  establishment of a demilitarized zone
• Problem exchange of prisoners

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The war ended

• Armistice July, 1953
• Stalemate
• North Koreans pushed back
• Communism contained w/o nukes
• Korea still 2 countries
• Cost to U.S. 67 billion and 54,000 lives
• Was it worth it?

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What was the legacy of the Korean War?

• Extended presidential powers
• Peacetime draft
• Sent troops to Korea w/o Congressional approval
• Said not a war but a police action

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What was the significance of NSC-68?

• Paper adopted by the National Security Council
• Warned against communism as a new fanatical
  faith that would take over the world

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NSC - 68

• Duty to drive back communism/USSR
• Provided president with rationale for permanent
  military build-up
• Military spending increased from 13 billion in
  1950 to 50 billion in 1953

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More legacies of the Korean War?

• Extended containment beyond Europe
• Enlarged the Cold War to include Asia
• Established tradition of unwinnable conflicts
  making many skeptical of official policy
• Tactical stalemate ? disillusionment

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What caused Trumans downfall?

• Korean War
• Frustration with conduct
• Firing MacArthur
• McCarthy criticism
• Charges of corruption in administration
• 1952 approval rating 23
• Truman will not run in 1952

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What happened to MacArthur?

• Wanted to run for President
• Welcomed by 7 million in New York
• Addressed joint session of Congress

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MacArthur?

• Hearings held Joint Chiefs of staff said
  MacArthur wrong to challenge presidential
  authority insubordination
• Support principle of civilian control of the
  military

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Like the old soldier of the ballad, I now
close my military career and just fade away, an
old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave
him the light to see that duty. Goodbye.
Douglas MacArthur
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Who was the Democratic candidate in 1952?

• Adlai Stevenson
• Honest and intelligent
• Liberal
• Cant win
• wage price freeze during Korean War
• Charges of corruption in Truman administration

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Who was the Republican candidate in 1952?

• Dwight David Eisenhower
• Popular WWII general
• Moderate Republican
• Warm personality
• Pledged to go to Korea
• Offered stability
• Knew voters wanted peace and prosperity

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Who was Ikes vice-presidential candidate?

• Richard M. Nixon
• Concession to hard line anti-communists
• Antagonistic
• Defamatory attacks on Stevenson
• Accused of having a secret slush fund-18,000

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What was the Checkers Speech?

• Eisenhower wanted to dump Nixon
• Nixon took his case to the American people
• Masterful use of TV
• Said the only thing he received was a puppy and
  wouldnt give it back
• The people loved it

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Checkers Speech
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What were the results of the Election of 1952?

• Eisenhower received 55 of the vote and carried
  39 states
• Sign of Eisenhowers popularity
• Congress Republican on Ikes coat tails

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What was K1C2?

• Republican campaign theme in 1952
• Korea
• Communism
• Corruption

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What result did the Eisenhower election have on
the Cold War?

• Diminished the intensity
• Many issues already settled
• Boundaries frozen
• Berlin Blockade, Chinese Revolution, Korean War
• Cold War defense spending permanent part of the
  budget contributing to economic prosperity
• Sense of relative security