Heuristics and Paradigms

1
Heuristics and Paradigms

• What is a Heuristic?
• I before E except after C
• Weird concept isnt it?
• What is a paradigm
• Paradigms in psychology
• Lack of unifying paradigm
• Bitter disagreements

2
Medical Model

• Behavior, genes and neurons
• Psychiatry v. psychology
• Based on old Hippocrates
• Treatment Approaches
• Why so predominant today?

3
The Medical Model

• What is it?
• Most dominant theoretical perspective today
• Origins?
• Only a philosophy
• Why popular?

4
Psychoanalytic

• Unconscious
• Do we know why we do what we do?
• All men are _at_ effect
• Bad stuff repressed
• What do our dreams really mean?
• Free association

5
Behaviorism

• Psychology and science
• The mechanistic approach
• Observables only please
• Started with Pavlov
• J.B. Watson and Little Albert
• Largely discarded as too mechanistic

6
Humanistic

• Borrows from humanism of 18th century
• Reaction against preexisting paradigms
• Free will
• Self-Actualization
• Client-Centered Therapy
• Uses and misuses

7
Cognitive-Behavioral

• Borrows the good of behaviorism
• Focus on the mind
• Predominant in clinical psychology
• Therapy
• Challenge irrational beliefs
• Behavioral homework
• We stand for nothing

8
Aaron Beck

• Cognitive theory of mood disorders
• Cognitive Errors
• All or Nothing Thinking
• Personalization
• Ignoring the evidence
• Generalization
• Catastrophizing
• Min positive, max negative
• Selective abstraction (ignore larger positive
  context)
• Automatic thoughts
• Negative thoughts that creep into cognitions

9
Cognitive Restructuring

• Identify cognitive errors
• Identifying emotional response or behavior that
  accompanies cognitive error
• Encouraging hypothesis testing of those thoughts
• Replace cognitive errors with more adaptive
  thoughts

10
What is Abnormal?

• Anything Clinical psychologists/psychiatrist say
  it is
• General Guidelines
• Deviance
• Maladaptive Behavior
• Personal Distress
• Lifetime prevalence 30
• DSM-IV
• 5 Axes