PROGRESSIVISM

1
PROGRESSIVISM

• CHAPTERS 31 AND 32

2
WHO WERE PROGRESSIVES?

• PROGRESSIVES BELONGED TO THE DEMOCRATIC AND
  REPUBLICAN PARTIES AND WERE LOCATED IN ALL
  REGIONS OF THE COUNTRY.

3

• THE ROOTS OF PROGRESSIVISM ARE THE SOCIAL GOSPEL,
  APPLYING CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE TO DEMAND SOCIAL
  IMPROVEMENT.

4
GOALS OF PROGRESSIVISM

• TO USE STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO BRIDLE THE
  POWER OF TRUSTS.
• TO REDUCE THE THREAT OF SOCIALISM BY IMPROVING
  THE AVERAGE PERSONS LIVING AND WORKING
  CONDITIONS.

5

• FOUGHT TO HAVE U.S. SENATORS DIRECTLY ELECTED BY
  THE PEOPLE RATHER THAN BY THE LEGISLATURE. WHY?

6

• TO CURB THE INFLUENCE OF THE PARTY BOSSES.
• LEGISLATORS OFTEN ELECTED SENATORS TO PLEASE BIG
  BUSINESS AND PARTY BOSSES RATHER THAN THEIR
  CONSTITUENTS.

7

• THE 17TH AMENDMENT WAS PASSED IN 1913 ALLOWING
  FOR THE DIRECT ELECTION OF U.S. SENATORS.
• THE PROGRESSIVES ALSO ARGUED FOR THE
• INITIATIVE, SO THE PEOPLE COULD INITIATE
  LEGISLATION THEMSELVES.

8

• REFERENDUM SO THE PEOPLE WOULD HAVE THE FINAL
  APPROVAL OF A LAW VIA VOTING.
• RECALL, THE RIGHT TO GET BAD POLITICIANS OUT OF
  OFFICE.

9

• WOMENS SUFFRAGE TO IMPROVE THE POLITICAL
  CLIMATE.
• EARLY PROGRESSIVES INCLUDE
• JACOB RIIS, HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES (1890)AN
  EXPOSE ON NYC SLUMS

10

• THEODORE DREISER, THE FINANCIER (1912) AND THE
  TITAN (1914)
• JANE ADDAMSTHE HULL HOUSE IN CHICAGO.
• LILLIAN WALDHENRY STREET SETTLEMENT HOUSE IN NYC.

11

• THE MUCKRAKERS
• T.R. CALLED WRITERS OF MAGAZINES WHO, LIKE THE
  CHARACTER IN PILGRIMS PROGRESS, WERE SO INTENT
  ON RAKING MANURE THEY COULD NOT SEE THE
  CELECTIAL CROWN DANGLING OVERHEAD.

12

• LINCOLN STEFFENS, THE SHAME OF THE CITIES, A
  SERIES OF ARTICLES IN McCLURES EXPOSING THE
  CORRUPT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUSINESS AND LOCAL
  GOVERNMENT.

13

• IDA M. TARBELL, FEMALE JOURNALIST, WHO PUBLISHED
  A DEVASTATING BUT FACTUAL EXPOSE OF THE STANDARD
  OIL COMPANY.

14

• OTHERS EXPOSED WHITE SLAVE TRAFFIC IN WOMEN AND
  CHILDREN THE INCREDIBLE NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL
  ACCIDENTS THE SUBJUGATIONS OF BLACKS THE
  ABUSES OF CHILD LABOR.

15

• AND, THE SELLING OF MEDICINES THAT WERE OFTEN
  SPIKED WITH ALCOHOL OR PROMISED RESULTS THAT DID
  NOT OCCUR.
• THE ANSWERMORE DEMOCRACY

16

• THE AMERICAN PEOPLE BEGAN CAME TO SEE
  LAISSEZ-FAIRE GOVERNMENT (FEW GOVERNMENT
  REGULATIONS HANDS-OFF INDIVIDUALISM) THAT HAD
  DOMINATED U.S. HISTORY TO THIS POINT AS NO LONGER
  APPROPRIATE.

17

• INSTEAD, GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE USED TO IMPROVE THE
  STANDARD OF LIVING AND WORKING.

18
Entertainment 1910-1920

• 240

19
(No Transcript)
20
ADDRESSING SOCIAL ILLS

• PROGRESSIVES BATTLED A NUMBER OF SOCIAL ILLS
  INCLUDING
• PROSTITUTION
• SAFTEY AND SANITATION
• CHILD LABOR

21

• WORKERS COMPENSATION
• THE 10-HOUR WORK DAY
• TEMPERANCE

22

• THE WOMANS CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION (WCTU)
• FOUNDED BY FRANCES WILLARD.
• BECAME LARGEST WOMENS ORGANIZATION IN THE WORLD
• MANY CITIES AND STATES PASSED DRY LAWS

23

• LIMITED OR ABOLISHED SALE AND USE OF ALCOHOL.
• BY WWI ALMOST ½ OF NATION LIVED IN DRY
  TERRITORIES.
• WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF 146 YOUNG WOMEN BEING
  KILLED IN THE FIRE AT NYCS TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST
  COMPANY?

24

• NEW YORK PASSED LAWS REGULATING THE HOURS AND
  WORING CONDITIONS OF FACTORY WORKERS.
• LOCHNER V. NEW YORKSUPREME COURT STRUCK DOWN THE
  BAKSHOP ACT THAT ESTABLISHED A 10-HOUR WORK DAY.

25

• MULLER V. OREGON1908, SUPREME COURT UPHELD LAWS
  REGULATING THE WORK HOURS OF WOMEN.
• CONCLUDED THAT LONG HOURS INTERFERRED WITH
  WOMENS ABILITY TO HAVE BABIES.

26
African Americans 1900-1910

• 131

27
(No Transcript)
28
THREE GOVERNORS

• La FOLLETTE (FIGHTING BOB) GOVERNOR OF
  WISCONSIN
• THE MOST MILITANT OF THE PROGRESSIVE REPUBLICANS.
• REGULATED PUBLIC UTILITIES.

29

• WRESTED FROM THE TRUSTS MUCH CONTROL OF THE
  RAILROAD AND LUMBER INDUSTRIES.
• HIRAM JOHNSON, GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA
• PROSECUTED GRAFTERS.
• WEAKENED RRS POLITICAL INFLUENCE IN CALIFORNIA.

30
TRS SQUARE DEAL FOR LABOR

• THE THREE Cs
• CONTROL OF THE CORPORATIONS
• CONSUMER PROTECTION,
• CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

31

• IN 1902 PENNSYLVANIA COAL MINERS WENT ON STRIKE
• WANTED 20 INCREASE IN PAY
• AND A 9 HOUR WORK DAY
• THE OWNERS REFUSED TO NEGOTIATE, THINKING THE
  PUBLIC WAS ON THEIR SIDE.

32

• SCHOOLS AND FACTORIES BEGAN TO SHUT DOWN (AND
  EVEN HOSPITALS WERE BEING AFFECTED)
• TR CALLED REPRESENTATIVES OF THE STRIKERS AND
  MINE OWNERS TO THE WHITE HOUSE TO FIND A SOLUTION.

33

• TR FORCED (BIG STICK) THE OWNERS TO COMPROMISE
  OR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WOULD TAKE OVER THE
  MINES.
• OWNERS COMPROMISED BY GIVING THE WORKERS A 10
  RAISE AND 9-HOUR WORK DAY.

34

• MINERS UNION, HOWEVER, WAS NOT RECOGNIZED AS A
  BARGAINING AGENT.
• THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR WAS FORMED
  (1903)
• THE BUREAU OF CORPS.PROBED BUSSINESSES OF
  INTERSTATE COMMERCE.

35
People of the Decade 1910-1920

• 230

36
(No Transcript)
37
WHO YA GONNA CALL? TRUST BUSTERS

• INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION WAS GIVEN ITS
  MOLARS.
• THE ELKINS ACTHEAVY FINES IMPOSED ON RRs AND
  SHIPPERS THAT USED REBATES

38

• HEPBURN ACT OF 1906 EXTENDED FEDERAL JURISDICTION
  OVER COMMERCE TO INCLUDE
• EXPRESS COMPANIES
• PIPELINES
• SLEEPING CAR RAILROADS.

39

• TR ACCEPTED THAT TRUSTS WERE HERE TO STAY AND
  WERE ACTUALLY NEEDED FOR EFFICIENTCY.
• BIG BUSINESS DID NOT HAVE TO BE BAD
  BUSINESSREGULATE, BUT DO NOT FRAGMENT.

40

• 1902, TR CHALLENGED THE NORTHERN SECURITIES, A
  VIRTUAL MONOPOLY OF THE NORTHWESTERN RAILROADS.
• HAD BEEN ORGANIZED BY J.P. MORGAN AND JAMES J.
  HILL.

41

• THE SUPREME COURT UPHELD T.R.s ANTITRUST SUIT
  AND NORTHERN SECURITIES WAS DISSOLVED.
• WALL STREET WAS JOLTEDFINALLY THE INTERSTATE
  COMMERCE COMMISSION (ICC) HAD TEETH.

42

• OTHER TRUSTS WERE ALSO BUSTED OR AT LEAST TAMED,
  INCLUDING THE SUGAR, BEEF, FERTILIZER, AND
  HARVESTER TRUSTS.
• THOUGH TR DID USE HIS BIG STICK AGAINST TRUSTS,
  TAFT WAS THE REAL TRUST BUSTER.

43

• TR BELIEVED THE THREAT OF DISSOLUTION WOULD MAKE
  THE SULTANS OF THE SMOKESTACKS MORE AMENABLE TO
  FEDERAL REGULATIONAS IT DID.
• HIS GOAL WAS TO PROVE GOVT., NOT PRIVATE
  BUSINESS, RULED THE U.S.

44
C IS ALSO FOR CONSUMER

• THE MEAT INSPECTION ACT OF 1906 AND THE COMPANION
  THE PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT TOOK AIM AT THE MEAT
  PACKING INDUSTRY.

45

• SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES STOPPED IMPORTING U.S.
  MEATS BECAUSE SOME WERE TAINTED.
• MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB, AND WHEN SHE SAW IT
  SICKEN, SHE SHIPPED IT OFF TO PACKINGTOWN, AND
  NOW ITS LABELED CHICKEN.

46

• THE JUNGLE (BY UPTON SINCLAIR, 1906) FOCUSED
  CONSUMER (AND GOVERNMENTS) ATTENTION ON THE
  PLIGHT OF WORKERS IN THE BIG CANNING FACTORIES.

47

• YET, MOST PEOPLE WERE MORE TAKEN ABACK BY THE
  DISGUSTINGLY UNSANITARY PREPARATION OF PACKED
  MEATS.
• LEWIS AIMED FOR THE NATIONS HEART BUT HIT ITS
  STOMACH.

48

• TR WAS SO SICKENED BY THE FILTH, DISEASE, AND
  PUTREFACTION IN CHICAGOS DAMP, ILLVENTILATED
  SLAUGHERHOUSES THAT HE APPOINTED AN
  INVESTIGATION COMMISSION.

49

• THE COMMISSIONS REPORT REVEALED IN ALMOST MORE
  DISGUSTING DETAIL THE VOMITOUS CONDITIONS OF MEAT
  PACKING IN CHICAGO.
• PILES OF POISONED RATS, ROPE ENDS, SPLINTERS,
  AND OTHER DEBRIS WERE SCOOPED UP AND CANNED AS
  POTTED HAM.

50
C IS FOR CONSERVATION

• PREVIOUSLY
• THE DESERT LAND ACT, 1877FEDERAL GOVT. SOLD ARID
  LAND CHEAPLY WITH THE AGREEMENT THAT THE OWNER
  WOULD IRRIGATE THE LAND WITHIN THREE YEARS.

51

• FIRST ATTEMPT AT FEDERAL CONSERVATION.
• FOREST RESERVE ACT OF 1891PRESIDENT MAY SET
  ASIDE LAND FOR FORESTS AND OTHER RESERVES.
• MUCH MORE SUCCESSFUL.
• 46 MILLION ACRES RES-CUED FROM LUMBERING.

52

• NEWLANDS ACT OF 1902FEDERAL GOVT. SOLD LAND IN
  SOUTH WESTERN U.S. AND USED THE MONEY TO IRRIGATE
  THE LAND.
• RECLAMATION AFFORDED BY THE NOW-PRODUCTIVE SOIL.

53

• THE ROOSEVELT DAM IN ARIZONA STARTED A TREND.
• TR SET ASIDE IN FEDERAL RESERVES APPROXIMATELY
  125 MILLION ACRES.
• BANNED CHRISTMAS TREES FROM THE WHITE HOUSE.

54

• YET, ROOSEVELT ALLOWED THE HETCH HETCHY VALLEY IN
  YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK TO BE FLOODED TO PROVIDE
  WATER FOR SAN FRANCISCO.

55
JOHN MUIR OF THE SIERRA CLUB
56
YOSEMITE VALLEY
57
(No Transcript)
58
ROOSEVELTS PANIC OF 1907

• A PANIC DESCENDED ON WALL STREET CAUSING A RUN ON
  BANKS.
• INDUSTRY BLAMED THEODORE THE MEDDLER FOR
  CLIPPING ITS WINGS.

59

• THE UPSIDE IS THAT THE PANIC BROUGHT ABOUT MUCH
  NEEDED FISCAL REFORM.
• ALDRICH-VREELAND ACT OF 1908BANKS AUTHORIZED TO
  ISSUE EMERGENCY CURRENCY WHEN THERE WAS A
  SHORTAGE.

60
TRS LEGACY

• . . . THE COWBOY WHO STARTED TO TAME THE BUCKING
  BRONCO OF ADOLESCENT CAPITALISM, THUS ENSURING IT
  A LONG ADULT LIFE.
• PROTECTED CAPITALISM FROM SOCIALISM.

61

• CONSERVATION AND RECLAMATION WERE POSSIBLY T.R.S
  MOST LASTING ACHIEVEMENTS.
• HE ENHANCED THE POWER AND PRESTIGE OF THE
  PRESIDENT.

62

• HELPED SHAPE THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT AND LATER
  LIBERAL REFORM MOVEMENTS.
• HE HELPED AMERICANS DEVELOP A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE.

63
WILLIAM TAFT

• THE 1908 ELECTION
• REPUBLICAN TAFT WINS AGAINTS WILLIAN JENNINGS
  BRYAN (D).
• EUGENE DEBS (SOCIALIST) WINS ALMOST ½ A MILLION
  VOTES.

64

• DOLLAR DIPLOMACY REPLACES THE BIG STICK.
• THE FEDERAL GOVT. ENCOURAGED PRIVATE INVESTMENT
  OVERSEAS.
• WHY?

65

• BY INVESTING IN FOREIGN AREAS OF STRATEGIC
  CONCERN TO THE U.S. (FAR EAST AND PANAMA) WE
  WOULD KEEP OTHER NATIONS FROM TAKING ADVANTAGE OF
  FINANCIAL CHAOS AND THWARTING U.S. INTERESTS.

66

• THE DOLLAR WOULD STRENGTHEN THE U.S.s DEFENSES
  AND FOREIGN POLICY.
• TAFT ENCOURAGED U.S. AND FOREIGNER INVESTERS
  PURCHASE CHINAS MANCHURIA RAILWAY THAT WERE
  CONTROLLED BY JAPAN AND RUSSIA.

67

• THEN WERE TO TURN THEM OVER TO CHINA UNDER A
  SELF-LIQUIDATING ARRANGEMENT.
• RUSSIA AND JAPAN WOULD NOT SELL.
• THE U.S. LOST FACE INTER-NATIONALLY.

68

• WALL STREET PUMPED MILLIONS OF DOLLARS INTO THE
  CARRIBEAN AND A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES BECAME
  QUASI-PROTECTORATES OF U.S. (E.G., NICARAGUA,
  HAITI, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, PANAMA AND CUBA).

69
Science and Technology

• 228

70
(No Transcript)
71
THE REAL TRUST BUSTER

• BROUGHT 90 SUITS HE BROUGHT AGAINST TRUSTS IN
  FOUR YEARS
• HIS CASE AGAINST STANDARD OIL IN 1911 WAS HIS
  CROWNING ACHIEVEMENT.

72

• SUPREME COURT RULED THAT STANDARD OILS TRUST
  RESTRAINED TRADE.
• THE COURT ALSO HANDED DOWN THE RULE OF
  REASONONLY THOSE TRUSTS THAT UNREASON-ABLY
  RESTRAINED TRADE WERE ILLEGAL.

73

• THE RULE OF REASON GREATLY LIMITED THE SHERMAN
  ANTI-TRUST ACT.

74
THE TAFT-ROOSEVELT REVOLT

• ONCE THE HEIR TO ROOSEVELTS PROGRESSIVISM, TAFT
  NOW SIDED WITH THE OLD GUARD (CONSERVATIVES).

75

• SIDING WITH THE OLD GUARD, TAFT SPLIT THE
  REPUBLICAN PARTY.
• IN 1911, TAFT CHALLENGED THE U.S. STEEL
  CORPORATION AS A TRUST (T.R. HAD HELPED WITH ONE
  OF THE MERGERS)

76

• TAFT BROKE ONE OF HIS CAMPAIGN PROMISES TO LOWER
  THE TARIFF BY SIGNING THE PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF OF
  1909.

77

• DURING THE BALLINGER-PINCHOT QUARREL (1910)TAFT
  SUPPORTED BALLINGER IN OPENING PROTECTED LANDS IN
  WY, MT, AND AL TO CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT.

78

• ALL OF THESE ACTIONS INFURIATE T.R. WHO CAME BACK
  FROM AFRICA AND DECIDED TO RUN FOR AN
  UNPRECIDENTED THIRD TERM.

79

• HE CALLED FOR INCREASED FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO
  ADDRESS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ABUSES (I.E., NEW
  NATIONALISM).
• FIGHTING BOB La FOLLETTE FOUNDED THE NATL.
  PROGRESSIVE REPUBLICAN LEAGUE, 1911.

80

• TAFT WON THE REPUBLICAN NOMINATION SO T.R. RAN AS
  A THIRD PARTY CANDIDATE, THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY.

81
WILSONIAN PROGRESSIVISM

• CHAPTER 32

82
(No Transcript)
83
THE EMERGENCE OF WILSON

• THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT WAS OFFERED
  GOVERNORSHIP OF NEW JERSEY.
• HIS PROGRESSIVE REFORMS GAINED HIM NATIONAL
  RECOGNITION.

84

• HE RECEIVED THE PARTY NOMINATION IN 1912.
• THE DEMOCRATS PLATFORM INCLUDED STRONGER
  ANTITRUST LEGISLATION, BANKING REFORM, AND TARIFF
  REDUCTIONS.

85

• ROOSEVELTS NEW NATIONALISTS CAMPAIGNED FOR
  WOMENS SUFFRAGE, MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS AND SOCIAL
  INSURANCE (SOCIALIST).

86

• WILSONS NEW FREEDOM CAMPAIGN DID NOT SUPPORT
  SOCIAL-WELFARE
• HE CALLED FOR ENTRPRENEURSHIP AND UNREGULATED AND
  UNMONOPOLIED MARKETS.

87

• WILSON WON AN ELECTORAL LANDSLIDE BECAUSE OF THE
  THIRD PARTY BUT WAS A MINORITY PRESIDENT (41)
• PROGRESSIVISM WAS THE REAL WINNER.
• THE TALLY OF WILSONs AND T.R.s VOTES EXCEEDED
  TAFTS.

88

• TAFT WENT ON TO BECOME THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE
  SUPREME COURT IN 1921.
• THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY (THOUGH THEY EXPERIENCE A
  FEW LATER REVIVALS) MORE OR LESS DIED A DEATH OF
  SLOW STARVATION.

89
WILSONS WARS

• WILSON DECLARES WAR ON THE TARIFF, BANKS, AND
  TRUSTS.
• THE UNDERWOOD TARIFF OF 1913 REDUCED TARIFFS
  SIGNIFICANTLYWILSON MADE A PUBLIC PLEA FOR THE
  PEOPLE TO KEEP THEIR REPRESENTATIVES IN LINE.

90

• THE SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT WAS PASSED THAT ALLOWED
  FOR THE COLLECTION OF INCOME TAX.
• WITHIN FOUR YEARS, THE REVENUE FROM INCOME TAXES
  EXCEEDED THOSE COLLECT FROM IMPORT TARIFFS.

91

• THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT OF 1913
• CALLED FOR A DECENTRALIZED BANK THAT WOULD BE
  CONTROLLED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

92

• THE FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD WOULD BE APPOINTED BY
  THE PRESIDENT.
• THE BOARD WOULD OVERSEE 12 RESERVE DISTRICTS,
  EACH WITH ITS OWN CENTRAL BANK.

93

• THE BOARD COULD ISSUE PAPER CURRENCY, TO
  STIMULATE THE ECONOMY AND PREVENT RECESSIONS AND
  DEPRESSIONS.
• THE LAST OF ELEMENT OF THE TRIPLE WALL OF
  PRIVILEGE WAS THE TRUSTS.

94

• INITIATED THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT OF
  1914
• ALLLOWED PRESIDENT TO APPOINT A COMMISSION TO
  INVESTIGATE INDUSTRIES INVOLVED IN INTERSTATE
  TRADE.

95

• TARGETED FALSE ADVERTISING, MISLABELING, UNLAWFUL
  COMPETITION, ADULTERATION AND BRIBERY.
• THE CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT OF 1914

96

• THE MAGNA CARTA OF LABOR.
• EXTENDED THE SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT TO INCLUDE
  PRICE DISCRIMI-NATION AND INTERLOCKING
  DIRECTORIES.

97

• IT ALSO EXEMPTED LABOR AND AGRICULTURAL
  ORGANIZATIONS FROM ANTITRUST PROSECUTION.
• LEGALIZED STRIKES AND PEACEFUL DEMON-STRATIONS.

98

• OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS INCLUDE
• FEDERAL FARM LOAN ACT OF 1916
• LOW INTEREST RATE LOANS MADE AVAILABLE TO
  FARMERS.
• HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
• ALSO ASSISTED RURAL U.S.

99

• WORKINGMENS COMPENSATION ACT OF 1916 (FOR
  FEDERAL CIVIL-SERVICE EMPLOYEES)
• CHILD LABOR LAWS ON INTERSTATE COMMERCE PRODUCTS.
• BUT THE SUPREME COURT STRUCT IT DOWN.

100

• THE ADAMSON ACT OF 1916 GAVE INTERSTATE RAILROAD
  WORKERS AN 8-HOUR WORK DAY WITH EXTRA PAY FOR
  OVERTIME.

101

• APPOINTED THE FIRST JEW, LOUIS BRANDEIS, TO THE
  SUPREME COURT. (BRANDEIS WROTE OTHER PEOPLES
  MONEY AND HOW THE BANKERS SPEND IT IN 1914)
• YET, WILSON HELPED TO INCREASE SEGREGATION.

102
How We Lived 1900-1909

• 400

103
(No Transcript)
104
WILSONS FOREIGN POLICY

• REJECTED BOTH THE BIG STICK AND DOLLAR
  DIPLOMACY.
• HENCE, HE WAS OPPOSED TO IMPERIALISM AND GOVT.
  SUPPORTED INVESTMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE
  CHINA.

105

• SIGNED THE JONES ACT MAKING THE PHILIPPINES A
  TERRITORY AND PROMISING IT INDEPENDENCE AS SOON
  AS IT HAD A STABLE GOVT.
• GRANTED IN 1946.
• YET, THE U.S. PURCHASED THE VIRGIN ISLANDS FROM
  DEMARK IN 1917.

106

• AND, HE APPLIED ROSEVELTS COROLLARY IN HAITI,
  DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND NICARAGUA.

107
PROBLEMS WITH MEXICO

• MEXICO HAD BEEN EXPLOITED BY FOREIGN POWERS SINCE
  DECLARING ITS INDEPENDENCE.
• OIL
• RR
• MINES
• AGRIGULTURE

108

• BY 1913, OVER 50K AMERICANS LIVED IN MEXICO AND
  ABOUT A BILLION DOLLARS HAD BEEN INVESTED.
• BUT MOST MEXICANS WERE DEVASTATINGLY POOR.

109

• THEY REVOLTED AGAINST AND KILLED THEIR PRESIDENT.
• HUERTA ROSE TO POWER WHICH WILSON DETESTED.
• MILLIONS OF MEXICANS FLED TO THE U.S.
• AMERICANS ASKED THE PRESIDENT TO INTERVENE.

110

• U.S. MILITARY AID WAS GIVEN TO CARRANZA AND
  PANCHO VILLA, HUERTAS MAIN RIVALS.
• THEN, AMERICAN SAILORS ARRESTED IN TAMPICO,
  MEXICO IN 1914 BUT THEN APOLOGETICALLY RELEASED.

111

• WILSON ASKED CONGRESS FOR PERMISSION TO USE FORCE
  AGAINST MEXICO BUT BEFORE THEY COULD WILSON
  INTERCEPTED A GERMAN SHIP BRINGING WEAPONS TO
  HUERTA.
• HUERTA AND CARRANZA RESENTED U.S. MEDDLING.

112

• WAR ALMOST INSUED.
• THE ABC POWERS (ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, AND CHILE)
  OFFERED MEDIATION.
• HUERTA GAVE UP POWER IN 1914.

113

• CARRANZA TOOK OVER AND THOUGH HE RESENTED U.S.
  INVOLVEMENT AND RELUCTANLY ACCEPTED U.S. SUPPORT.
• PANCHO VILLA CHALLENGED CARRANZA AND KILLED 16
  U.S. MINING ENGINEERS IN RETALIATION OF U.S.
  SUPPORT TO CARRANZA.

114

• ALSO INVADED AND KILLED IN NEW MEXICO.
• GENERAL PERSHING (U.S.) WAS SENT DEEP INTO MEXICO
  AFTER PANCHO VILLA.

115

• THERE WAS A CLASH WITH CARRANZAS FORCES BUT
  PERSHING DEFEATED THE VILLISTAS (BUT NOT PANCHO
  VILLA).
• U.S. PULLED OUT AND PREPARED FOR WAR IN EUROPE.

116
TR Leaves the White House

• 140

117
(No Transcript)
118
New Americans

• 224