Western Christendom Fragments

1
Western Christendom The Transformation of
Europe

• Western Christendom Fragments
• How did Martin Luther contribute to the
  transformation
• of Europe?
• I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is
  neither safe nor right to act against ones
  conscience. Here is stand. I can do no other. God
  help me. Amen.
• Martin Luther, Diet of Worms, 1521

2
Western Christendom The Transformation of
Europe Learning Outcomes

• Understand the profound change Europe experienced
  in the early modern era.
• Be knowledgeable concerning the way in which the
  Protestant Reformation shattered religious unity
  and led to a century of conflict.
• Have the ability to understand how sovereign
  competitive states combined with capitalist
  entrepreneurship to challenge traditional values
• Have the ability to understand how modern science
  reason transform traditional belief systems
• Comprehend the significance of the expansion of
  European capitalism into the larger world.

3
The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

• The Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther
• popular support
• basis of success?
• printed books
• new morality ardent preaching
• German Princes
• Reform Outside Germany
• political response
• Henry VIII
• Elizabeths Middle Way

4
The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

• The Protestant Reformation
• John Calvin
• moral regeneration
• discipline community
• predestination
• Geneva beyond
• Netherlands
• France
• Scotland
• New England

5
The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

• The Catholic Reformation
• The Council of Trent
• reaffirm doctrine
• reform
• St. Ignatius Loyola
• The Society of Jesus
• Brotherhood of priests
• spiritual soldiers
• Shock Troops

Ignatius of Loyola , 1491-1556
6
The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

• Witch-Hunts Religious Wars Attempts at
  Religious uniformity
• Brutal Peasant wars
• Witch-Hunting
• convenient explanation
• Europe America
• Religious Wars
• The Thirty Years War

"Examination of a Witch", 1853 - Tompkins H.
Matteson Peabody Museum
7
The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

• Witch-Hunts Religious Wars Attempts at
  Religious uniformity
• Religious Wars
• France Edit of Nantes
• England Spain,
• Dutch Revolt
• The Thirty Years War
• nature of warfare
• political authority

St. Bartholomews Day Massacre, 1572
8
Western Christendom The Transformation of Europe

• The Consolidation of Sovereign States
• The Attempted Revival of HR Empire
• Charles V
• Hapsburg legacy
• Phillip II
• Imperial Fragmentation
• Foreign Challenges
• HRE Ottomans
• Hungary

16th Century Europe
9
The Transformation of Europe The Consolidation of
Sovereign States

• The New Monarchs
• Finance
• State Power
• The Spanish
• Inquisition

Heretics Burned at the Stake
10
The Transformation of Europe The Consolidation of
Sovereign States

• Constitutional States Absolute Monarchies
• Constitutional States
• England, 1688
• Dutch Republic
• Absolutism
• The Sun King

Letat, cest moi. - King Louis XIV
11
The Transformation of Europe The Consolidation of
Sovereign States

• Absolute Monarchies
• Absolutism Outside France
• Spain
• Austria
• Prussia
• Russia

12
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia

• Westernization and Empire
• A Window on the West
• Peter I Westernization
• Military Reform
• Bureaucratic Reform
• Social Reform
• St. Petersburg

13
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia

• Peter I Westernization

St. Petersburg in 1710
14
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia

• Peter I Westernization

15
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia

• The Limits of Westernization Catherine II

You write on paper, but I have to write on human
skin, which is far more ticklish. Catherine
the Great
16
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia

• Westernization and Empire
• The Limits of Westernization
• Catherine II
• Pugachevs Rebellion
• The End of Reform

Russian soldier, 1650
17
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia
Imperial Russia in the Eighteenth Century
18
The Transformation of Europe The Consolidation of
Sovereign States

• The European States System
• The Peace of Westphalia
• Sovereign state era
• Century of Imperial Wars
• The Balance of Power
• Military Development
• Military academies
• Technological innovation

Europe after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648
19
The Transformation of Europe Capitalist Society

• Early Capitalist Society
• How does the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith
  portray the capitalist market?

20
The Transformation of Europe Capitalist Society

• Early Capitalist Society
• Population Growth Urbanization
• American Food Crops
• potato
• maize
• tomato
• peppers
• Population Growth
• 1500 81 m.
• 1700 120 m.
• Urbanization

American Food Crops
21
The Transformation of Europe Capitalist Society

• Early Capitalism Protoindustrialization
• Capitalism
• Supply Demand
• market conditions
• banks
• Joint-Stock Companies
• Politics Empire
• Private property / contracts
• Trading-posts
• Putting-Out System

17th Century Dutch shipyard
22
The Transformation of Europe Capitalist Society

• Sources From The Past
• Adam Smith on the Capitalist Market

Every individual is continually exerting himself
to find out the most advantageous employment for
whatever capital he can command. It is in his
own advantage, indeed, and not that of society,
which he has in view - An Inquiry into the
Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
23
The Transformation of Europe Capitalist Society

• Early Capitalist Society
• Social Change in Early Modern Europe
• Serfdom in Russia
• Romanov policy
• Serfs become private property
• Profit Ethics
• laissez-faire
• invisible hand
• universal laws
• The Nuclear Family
• social unit
• companionate marriage

Adam Smith, 1723-1790
24
The Transformation of Europe Science and
Enlightenment

• Reconceiving the Universe
• The Ptolemaic Universe - 2nd c.e.
• Planetary Movement
• The Copernican Universe

A sun-centered universe Nicolaus Copernicus
25
The Transformation of Europe Science and
Enlightenment

• The Scientific Revolution
• A scientific world-view
• Galileo Galilei
• mathematics
• Physics
• Astronomy
• trial for heresy

Galileo Galilei, 1564 - 1642
26
The Transformation of Europe Science and
Enlightenment

• The Scientific Revolution
• A scientific world-view
• Isaac Newton
• Mathematics
• Laws of motion
• Gravitation
• Principia Mathematica (1687)

Issac Newton, 1642 - 1727
27
The Transformation of Europe Science and
Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment the Power of Reason
• Science and Society
• Enlightenment thinkers
• Voltaire
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Deism
• The Theory of Progress

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778
28
Western Christendom The Transformation of
EuropeKey Words and Terms

• Martin Luther
• Ninety-five Theses
• John Calvin
• Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Council of Trent
• Ignatius Loyola
• The Thirty Years War
• Charles V
• The New Monarchs
• The Spanish Inquisition
• Louis XIV - le roi soliel

• Nicolaus Copernicus
• On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres
• Johannes Kepler
• Galileo Galilei
• Isaac Newton
• Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
• Voltaire
• Deism
• Carolus Linnaeus
• Adam Smith Wealth of Nations

29
Western Christendom The Transformation of
Europe Summary

• Europe experienced profound change in the early
  modern era
• The Protestant Reformation shattered religious
  unity
• Subsequently, a century of religious conflict
• Sovereign competitive states
• Capitalist entrepreneurship challenges
  traditional values
• Modern sciences emerges
• Science reason transform traditional belief
  systems
• European capitalism expands into larger world as
  European society becomes increasingly competitive

30
Western Christendom The Transformation of
Europe Learning Outcomes

• Understand the profound change Europe experienced
  in the early modern era.
• Be knowledgeable concerning the way in which the
  Protestant Reformation shattered religious unity
  and led to a century of conflict.
• Have the ability to understand how sovereign
  competitive states combined with capitalist
  entrepreneurship to challenge traditional values
• Have the ability to understand how modern science
  reason transform traditional belief systems
• Comprehend the significance of the expansion of
  European capitalism into the larger world.