Benjamin Franklin

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Benjamin Franklins World 1702-1763

• The British colonies come of age and the seeds of
  future development are sown.

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Essay 1

• The British colonies were so antagonistic to
  each other that they were unable to unite to face
  the attack of common enemies.
• Assess the validity of this statement.

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Essay 2

• How did economic, geographic, and social factors
  encourage the growth of slavery as an important
  part of the economy of southern colonies between
  1607 and 1775?

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The Colonies 1700

• Colonial Government
• Regionalism Develops
• Domestic Manufacturing
• Religious Revival and The Great Awakening
• Population Growth
• Slavery Expands
• French and Indian War
• Similarities of Colonies

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Colonial Government

• Colonies had large degree of Autonomy 1600-1750
• Salutary Neglect Lax enforcement of laws, loose
  control
• Royal Governor represented the Kings Government
  (could veto colonial legislatures)
• Could dissolve assemblies
• Judges were appointed by Governors
• Were appointed by the Kings government
• Elected representative bodies- Bicameral (Two
  house legislatures)
• (White male, land owners- 50 acres of land
  minimum, Self Government)
• House of Burgesses (Virginia) and Assemblies
• Provided Governor's Salary
• Make laws for the colonies

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The Colonies

• Mostly English
• Self-government (though not all democratic)
• Religious toleration (to at least some degree in
  each colony)
• Educational opportunity
• Provided unusual opportunities for economic and
  social self-development
• Differences among the three colonial regions.
• -- New England Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode
  Island, New Hampshire
• Puritan dominated in many areas, less religiously
  tolerant, more restrictions on civic
  participation, more industry, less available farm
  land
• Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey,
  Pennsylvania, Delaware
• Ethnically diverse, religiously tolerant,
  democratic, Quakers contributed to human freedom,
  farming, lumbering, ship building, shipping,
  trade, fur trapping
• Southern Colonies Maryland, Virginia, North
  Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
• Plantation economy, aristocratic, slavery, cash
  crops, scattered population, expansionary, some
  religious toleration (Church of England dominant)
  

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Regionalism Develops

• North develops distinct culture of religious
  ideals, trade, industry and no slavery
• The South develops into large agriculture
  enterprises, slavery is important and cheap (no
  taxes) import economy is desired

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Who is the subject?

• Few of their children in the country learn
  English... The signs in our streets have
  inscriptions in both languages ... Unless the
  stream of their importation could be turned they
  will soon so outnumber us that all the advantages
  we have will not be able to preserve our
  language, and even our government will become
  precarious.

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Population Growth by 1750s

• Immigration (See Map Page 120)
• Population Growth
• Healthy Colonists- Married young,
• Immigration-
• Criminals, Huguenots, Some Jews, Scots,
  Scotch-Irish 200,000,
• German 125,000 Pennsylvania (Language issue
  Franklin)
• Some Irish Catholics
• New England the least ethnically mixed
  predominantly Puritan

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Population Growth by 1750s

• Push Factors
• Religious Oppression
• Economic Misfortune
• War
• Pull Factors
• Economic Opportunity
• Religious Freedom
• Land and Liberty

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Population Growth

• 1700 300,000 people
• 1775 2,500,000 by 1775 (20 black)
• 1790 4,000,000
• Largest colonies were Virginia, Mass., Penn., NC,
  and Maryland
• Only four major cities Philadelphia, NY, Boston,
  Charleston
•  90 lived in rural areas.

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Cities

• Population growth supports the growth of cities
• Philadelphia Largest city (1770s) 22,000
• Boston (1760) 15,000
• New York (1700) 5000 to 21,000 (1770s)
• Charleston

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Slavery Expands

• Late 1600s and 1700s Large population of African
  Slaves begin to arrive
• Earlier Slaves from West Indies, Caribbean-
  excess Slaves from Sugar Plantations
• Chattel Slavery- ownership, hereditary,
  perpetual, racially defined
• South held 90 of slaves
• Slavery becomes a fundamental part of southern
  Colonial society
• 1740, 40 of all Virginians were slaves
• 1720, African slaves outnumbered whites in South
  Carolina 2-1.

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Brutality of Slavery

• African Slaves not accustomed to English work
  hours and ethics are brutalized
• Horrors of the Middle Passage
• Two months on board ship
• Cramped, 10-20 slaves died
• Slaves resisted by running away
• Northern colonies also used some slave labor
• Both Northern and Southern colonies created slave
  codes to regulate the slave behavior and actions
  (land ownership)
• During the entire time of the Atlantic Slave
  trade about 11 million Africans were transported
  to the Americas

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Industry and Trade Expand

• Triangular Trade one example of the trade
  relationship between colonies and other
  countries. Map
• Slave trade considerations

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Founding of Georgia

• Why

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The Great Awakening 1730s-1740s

• The Great Awakening of the 1700s came in response
  to a decline in religious piety
• During the Great Awakening, or Awakening to
  religion
• Stated man is not helpless in achieving
  regeneration his will can be an effective force
  in his being saved
• Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)             a.
  Credited with starting the Great Awakening (c.
  1734) in Northampton in 1734                 --
  Most influential theological writer and thinker
  of the movement.             b. Blasted the idea
  of salvation through good works and dependence on
  God's grace is paramount
• George Whitefield (1714-1770)             a.
  Brilliant English orator made 7 trips to the
  American colonies and traveled extensively
              b. His basic appeal was to the Bible
              c. Most influential figure of the
  Great Awakening founded Methodism

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Results of The Great Awakening

• Brought religion to many who had lost touch with
  it             c. Undermined the older clergy
• Brought a number of religious groups to
  popularity i.e., Baptists- which spread
  throughout the middle and southern colonies
• Led to general acceptance of religious differences

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Domestic Manufactures
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French and Indian War 1754-1763AKA Seven Years
War

• The British and French rivalry and antagonism
  manifest itself in the American colonies.
• A Series of limited wars
• Precursor of King Williams War 1689-1697
• Queen Annes War 1701-1713
• King Georges War 1744-48
• The Ohio Company of Virginia gain charter to
  settle land and causes French to assert claims
  and build forts. Map

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French and Indian War1754-1763

• The Ohio Company of Virginia send troops to build
  fort and are expelled by French
• French build Fort Duquesne
• Washington-commanded a small force, attacks and
  must retreat to Ft. Necessity and later
  surrenders.
• Full scale war erupts and British send troops but
  want colonial cooperation
• At first colonials dont support the war until
  the British promise to reimburse colonies for
  efforts.

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Albany Plan of UnionBenjamin Franklin, Cartoon
in the Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754

• This cartoon shows a snake cut into eight
  pieces, each labeled with the name of one of the
  colonies. The position of each colony in the
  snake corresponds to the geographic position of
  the colonies along the American coast, with the
  snake's tail pointing south and the head pointing
  north.
• The colonies, from tail to head (south to north),
  are South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia,
  Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and
  New England (New England refered to the colonies
  of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and
  New Hampshire). The caption reads, "JOIN, or DIE."

The cartoon appeared along with Franklin's
editorial about the "disunited state" of the
colonies, and helped make his point about the
importance of colonial unity. At the time, there
was a superstition that a snake which had been
cut into pieces would come back to life if the
pieces were put together before sunset.
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French and Indian War1754-1763

• French were allied with most Indian tribes except
  Iroquois
• British invade under Braddock and are beaten back
• Later the British, under new leadership, are able
  to gradually divide the French powers and end up
  invading Canada, taking Quebec and Montreal.
• Peace of Paris, 1763 effectively remove French
  presence in Canada and East of the Mississippi
  including New Orleans (Was ceded to Spain).

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Effects of the French and Indian War

• British now control most of North America
• British change their policy and relationship with
  the Colonies
• More taxes will be charged in order to pay for
  war expenses
• No more movement West for colonists, Proclamation
  line of 1763 Speculator, buy land and sell it to
  immigrants for profit.
• These changes will mark an end to Salutary
  Neglect and bring a more direct control of
  colonies by England and lead to the Revolution.
• Colonists begin to develop a sense of common
  identity, proud to be part of the British family,
  but perceiving clear distinctions.