Growth and Maturation

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Growth and Maturation
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What measures would you use to describe growth?

• How are body parts different between adults and
  children?

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• What is the average height of a 5 yr old?
• How much taller would this child be in 1 yr?
• What are expected growth trends for ht wt
  during middle late adulthood?
• What are the gender differences?

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• What are effects of exercise on growth?
• How do physical characteristics relate to skill
  performance?
• What changes occur in older adulthood?

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• Physical anthropology- provides information and
  scientific procedures related to the study of
  biological growth and development
• anthropometry- one of the basic tools used in
  growth studies.
• growth curve- a plot of the pattern of physical
  change in individuals or groups.
• distance curve- plots growth from one year to the
  next.
• velocity curve- reflects the individuals growth
  state at any particular moment.

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• Distance - accum. growth over time
• Velocity - increments of change over time
• Norm reference to determine disease,
  malnutrition, abuse, delayed maturation

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Measuring Length Stature

• Birth - 2 yrs - Recumbent, vertex to sole
• 2 yrs - Stature
• Seated adult (elderly, IWD) - heel to thigh/knee
  add to equation for M F

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Growth in length stature

• Conception - 0.14mm
• Birth M - 20 in
• F - 19.75 in
• 6 mths M - 26.75 in F - 26 in
• Yr 1 M - 30 in
• F - 29.25 in
• Yr 2 4.75 in
• Yr 3-5 2.75 in

• Yr 6-adolesc 2.25 in
• Adolesc. M - 4 in/yr
• F - 3 in/yr
• 17.3 F adult height attained
• 21.2 M adult height attained
• 20-30 0.8 in
• 30-45 Stable
• 45 Decrease

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Growth in Body Weight

• Concept. - 0.005 mg
• 19 wk - 14 oz
• 34 wk - 5.5 lb
• Birth M - 7.5 lb
• F - 7 lb
• 1-3 days - 10
• 10 days - 7 lb
• 6 mths - 2/3 oz/day
• Yr 1 M - 22.5 lb
• F - 21 lb

• Yr 2 - 5.5 lb
• Yr 3-5 - 4.5 lb
• Yr 6-adol. - 6.5 lb/yr
• Adolesc. M 45 lb
• F 35 lb
• 18 yr M - 152 lb
• F - 125 lb
• 18 Nutrition, exercise, pregnancy can increase
  wt.

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Combining Body Wt. Height Body Mass Index

• Divide body wt (kg) by height in meters squared
• Pounds to kilos - 132/2.2 60 kg
• Height to meters 65 x .0254 1.65 m
• Weight/height squared
• 60/1.652 60/2.72 22.1
• Relate to BMI chart, p.162-163

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• 5-59 yrs BMI increases for both genders reaching
  max. velocity around 13-14
• 60-80 yrs regresses
• BMI 25-30 kg/m2 indicates health risks

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Relationship to MD Performance

• Thin, muscular, small-boned walk earlier
• Longer babies walk earlier
• Over-weight obese walk later but catch up
• Adolesc. - more body wt. helps in object
  propelling tasks less body wt. helps in body
  propelled tasks more body wt. negates body
  support task performance

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Adolescence Awkwardness

• Primarily in boys
• Growth spurts in ht. wt. Can affect performance
  in trunk, arm strength, speed, limb movement,

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Changes in Body Proportions and Physique
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• Sitting height vs. stature
• The ratio of sitting height to stature measures
  the contribution of the legs and trunk to total
  height. Sitting height is typically 60 to 70
  of total body length in the early years and
  decreases to about 50 when mature height is
  reached.
• M - longer trunks before adolesc.
• F - shorter legs after adolesc.
• Measure from seat of chair to vertex of head
  compare to total stature

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• Shoulder (biacromial breadth) hip (bicristal
  width) changes
• shoulder and hip width appear almost equal in the
  newborn. In grown adults, shoulder width is
  typically greater than hip width for all
  individuals. Ratio constant between 6-11, then
  decreases for M, stable for F.

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• Body vs. head
• The head of the newborn accounts for
  approximately one-fourth of its total height and
  its legs make up only about three-eighths of its
  stature - top heavy. In comparison, the adult
  head accounts for about one-eighth of total
  height and leg length for approximately half of
  stature.
• Males slightly larger
• Head circumference used to estimate brain growth

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• Center of Gravity
• Growth with age changes C of G.
• Adult - Ratio of C of G to height 53-59
• Child - Higher
• M slightly higher than F

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• Physique- (or body build) is a composite of body
  proportion relationships and body composition
  characteristics. (Sheldon)
• Modified later to include skinfold,
  circumferences, wt/ht measures (Heath-Carter)
• Somatotype- categorizes an individuals body
  build. There are 3 types

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• endomorphy- describes a body type that is soft
  and round in contour, suggestive of a tendency
  toward fatness and obesity.
• mesomorphy- describes a body with well-defined
  muscularity and balanced body proportions.
• ectomorphy- describes the leanest of the body
  types, with characteristics typically associated
  with an extremely thin individual.

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• Changes with aging- changes occur between 3 and
  4, then 8, then as individuals reach middle age,
  mesomorphic characteristics tend to diminish due
  to loss of muscle mass.

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• Selected anatomical gender differences
• Height weight - M gt
• Shoulder width - M gt, rotation torque gt
• Forearm length - M gt, lever torque gt
• Hip shape - F femur insertion oblique gt
• Leg length - M gt
• Chest girth - M gt
• C of G - F lower
• Fat free weight - M more muscle, bigger bones

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Body Proportions Motor Performance

• Children, top-heavy, high C of G small base of
  support affects balance
• Weight of objects displace C of G more
• Ratio of trunk/leg length C of G - F can
  balance better but not gd for running, jumping
• Arm length affects throwing, striking force - M
  adv.

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Body types modifications in sports

• Athletes in different sports exhibit different
  somatotypes and even modify their body type
  through nutrition, endurance training, and
  intensive strength and explosive power training

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What types would you see with these activities?

• Racquet sports?
• Aquatic sports?
• Gymnastics/Diving/Wt.Lift?
• Track Field Bicycling?
• Soccer, hockey, lacrosse?
• Contact field sports?
• Court sports?
• Baseball, Golf?
• Martial Arts?
• Dance?

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• Racquet sports? M-EN
• Aquatic sports? EC-M
• Gymnastics/Diving/Wt.Lift? M-EC
• Track Field Bicycling? EN-M-EC
• Soccer, hockey, lacrosse? M
• Rugby, football? M-EN
• Court sports? EC-M
• Baseball, Golf M
• Martial Arts EN-M
• Dance EC-M

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Optimal physiques for various sports

• Gymnastics long bodies with short upper lower
  limbs (strength, power, rotatory adv.)
• Sprint runners postures accentuates anterior
  pelvic tilt muscular buttocks thighs (extends
  thigh at optimal angle)
• Wt. Lifter long bodies, short extremities
• Contact sports rounded shoulders, flex. Spine -
  tuck in on contact
• Racquet sports pigeon toes speed in short
  distance

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Skeletal Development
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• Fetus - Cartilage, membranes ossify in the fetus.
  Bone deposits from center (shaft/diaphysis)
  towards the ends. Epiphyseal plates - ossific.
  Sites after birth
• Endochondral bone formation - lengthens -
  ossification - osteoblasts
• Appositional growth - increases diameter, rings
  on top of each other, inner ones removed
  osteoblasts/osteoclasts
• Modeling resorption - ends thicken, broken down
  to keep linear shape

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• Changes with age- normal aging causes the bones
  to lose mass more than growth - 35 yrs
• osteoporosis- refers to the loss of total bone
  mass to such an extent that the skeleton is
  unable to maintain its mechanical integrity.
• F - after 30 yrs, increases to 2-3 per yr, by 70
  yrs 25-30 loss
• M - 50 less loss
• Recommendations for peak bone mass -p.174

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Exercise skeletal devl.

• Little effect on bone length
• More effect on bone density - particularly using
  wt. bearing activities
• Diet - low in Ca and low estrogen decreases rate
  of deposition
• Female-athlete triad - loss of too much body fat
  - eating disorder - amenorrhea - osteoporosis

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Maturity Estimates

• chronological age-refers to the age of an
  individual in relationship to standard calendar
  days. To estimate level of maturity using this
  method alone is of limited value because of the
  wide variance in growth and development.
• biological age- generally provides a better
  method for estimating maturity by providing
  information that may be compared with the
  individuals age. Can be measured by
  morphological, dental, sexual, or skeletal age.

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• morphological age- morphology refers to the form
  or structure of an individual. Morphological age
  is estimated from height. A measure of height
  alone is not a good estimate of maturity.
• dental age- the age at which teeth erupt may
  provide information on approximate level of
  maturity. The deciduous dentition erupts from 6
  months to 2 years permanent teeth generally
  appear from about 6 to 13 years of age.

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• sexual age- the biological estimate of sexual age
  refers to the assessed maturity of primary and
  secondary sexual qualities - age of menarche,
  gentitalia maturity
• skeletal age- probably the best method of
  maturity estimate. Is derived from evaluating
  the successive stages of skeletal growth as seen
  in radiographs (X rays). L hand wrist

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Maturity Variations

• Diet and other health factors may influence the
  rate of maturity, but it is the biological clock
  within the individual that sets the pace of
  maturation.

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• Early maturers are those in whom the maturity
  characteristics are in advance of their
  chronological age. Mmeso Fendo. Taller,
  heavier, size, strength, speed superior. Baseball
  - 70
• Late maturers - behind in relation to the
  standard. Less wt, catch up.

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• Early maturation related to superior performance
  with boys. Post pubescent boys initially
  outperform post pubescent boys - tho catch up
• Late maturation associated to superior
  performance with girls

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• These maturational differences are individual
  differences, tend to catch up.
• secular trend- todays population is taller and
  heavier and matures earlier than the population
  of generations past. This is a secular trend.

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• body fat growth- body fat layers appear in the
  fetus between the seventh and eighth prenatal
  months. Between birth and 6 - 9 months, body fat
  mass will increase 10 - 20 before tapering off.
  No matter the age, females have more body fat
  than males.

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• Skeletal muscle tissue growth- muscle fibers
  develop in the premuscular mesodermic tissue.
  Growth of voluntary muscle during the prenatal
  period is both hyperplastic and hypertrophic.
• hyperplastic continues until shortly after birth,
  after which cell growth is predominantly achieved
  by increasing cell size hypertrophy.
• Type I fibers (slow) - 50-60 at birth
• Type II (fast) - 25 at birth
• Transitional - puberty, training?

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QUESTIONS

• Define growth vs maturation
• Describe effects of weight on motor development
• What is a good measurement of maturation
• Describe the different ratio measures of body
  proportions that are used to indicate growth
• How do these ratios differ for males and females?
• How do these relate to motor performance for
  males and females?
• Define the three somatotypes
• Describe the processes of bone growth
• How is bone growth affected by exercise?
• How does early vs late maturation affect
  performance in males and females
• Describe differences in height and weight changes
  for males and females

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