Genetic Engineering

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Genetic Engineering

• Definition The process of manipulating DNA to
  get what you want.

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The way we have manipulated genes in the past.

• Selective breeding
• Inbreeding
• poodle poodle
• Cross breeding hybridization
• bison cow beefalo
• lion tiger liger
• Broccoli cauliflower Broccoflower

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Male lion plus a female tiger.
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Concept Map
Section 13-1
Selective Breeding
consists of
which crosses
which crosses
for example
for example
which
which
Problem of inbreeding?
Go to Section
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Why change/mix genes?

• curiosity or desire
• cure our illnesses repair faulty
• produce more food
• produce tastier food
• produce compounds/drugs we need
• produce another YOU ! - instead of Dolly

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Cloning

• Produces an identical individual but will not
  be the same age

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Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal
How was Dolly produced?
Section 13-4
A donor cell is taken from a sheeps udder.
Donor Nucleus
These two cells are fused using an electric shock.
Fused Cell
Egg Cell
The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.
An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.
The fused cell begins dividing normally.
Embryo
Cloned Lamb
The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster
mother.
The embryo develops normally into a lambDolly
Foster Mother
Go to Section
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Flowchart
Steps of Cloning
Section 13-4
A body cell is taken from a donor animal.
An egg cell is taken from a donor animal.
The nucleus is removed from the egg.
The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock.
The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an
embryo.
The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a
foster mother.
The embryo develops into a cloned animal.
Go to Section
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• The Clone Age

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Genetic Engineering

• The process of manipulating DNA to get what you
  want.

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• Scientists can insert genes from 1 organism into
  a different organism.
• Based on the use of recombinant DNA
• Recombinant DNA is DNA that contains DNA (genes)
  from other organisms.
• Genetic engineering produces organisms with new
  traits. These organisms are called transgenics.

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Making Recombinant DNA

• 1. Isolate donor DNA and the vector.
• Donor DNA is the DNA you want.
• The vector is what you are putting the donor DNA
  in to. (typically a plasmid from a bacterium.)

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Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA
Making Recombinant DNA
Section 13-3
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Gene for human growth hormone
DNA recombination
Human Cell
Sticky ends
DNA insertion
Bacterial Cell
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human
growth hormone
Plasmid
Go to Section
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• 2. Cut the donor DNA and the plasmid using
  molecular scissors called restriction enzymes.

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Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA
Making Recombinant DNA
Section 13-3
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Gene for human growth hormone
DNA recombination
Human Cell
Sticky ends
DNA insertion
Bacterial Cell
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human
growth hormone
Plasmid
Go to Section
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• 3. The sticky ends of the donor DNA and the
  plasmid are then joined together. This is now
  called recombinant DNA.

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Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA
Making Recombinant DNA
Section 13-3
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Gene for human growth hormone
DNA recombination
Human Cell
Sticky ends
DNA insertion
Bacterial Cell
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human
growth hormone
Plasmid
Go to Section
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• 4. The recombinant DNA then enters the bacterium
  and can make many copies.

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Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA
Making Recombinant DNA
Section 13-3
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Gene for human growth hormone
DNA recombination
Human Cell
Sticky ends
DNA insertion
Bacterial Cell
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human
growth hormone
Plasmid
Go to Section
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Making genetically engineered drugs
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Transgenic Animals

• Transgenic animals are much harder to produce
  than transgenic plants because they are more
  resistant to gene manipulation.

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• Oncomouse
• mouse that always develops cancer because the
  gene that controls cell growth and
  differentiation was mutated.
• Use the oncomouse to study cancer and anti-cancer
  drugs

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• Gene Knockout Mice
• Has a gene that has been purposely turned off.
• The gene for the protein leptin has been turned
  off resulting in obese mice.

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Livestock quality

• Transgenic cows can produce more milk or milk
  with less lactose or cholesterol.
• Transgenic pigs and cattle can have more meat on
  them. Sheep can have more wool.

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Chick Embryo
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