Quiz Review

1
Quiz Review
2
Definitions not in Ladefoged

• ________ studies how speakers make the sounds of
  a language.
• ________ studies how the sounds travel in air
• ________ studies how listeners perceive the
  sounds
• ________ is the opposite of an obstruent.

3
Sample IPA Conventions Question

• ____ tIp
• ____ uku_at_k?ola
• ____ ba-r

• a. click
• b. voicelessness
• c. murmured breathy vowel

4
Airstream Mechanisms

• Pulmonic (Lung) Airstream Mechanism
• - movement of air pushed upward from lungs by
  respiratory muscles
• Glottalic Airstream Mechanism
• - movement of pharynx air that is
  compressed above closed glottis
• Velaric Airstream Mechanism
• movement of air pocket in the mouth

5
Glottalic Airstream Mechanism

• Ejectives - a stop made with an egressive
  glottalic airstream
• glottis is closed
• oral tract is closed for stop
• glottis moves upward compressing air between
  glottis and stop closure
• stop closure is released
• IPA symbol ?
• example p? t? k?
• Lakhota

6
Glottalic Airstream Mechanism

• Implosive - a stop made with an ingressive
  glottalic airstream
• oral tract is closed for stop
• vibrating glottis moves downward pulling air in
• stop closure is released
• IPA symbol hook on stop symbol
• example ?? ?? ??
• Sindhi

7
Velaric Airstream Mechanism

• Clicks (occur in several African languages)
• tongue raises to close velum
• stop closure in front of velum creates air pocket
• stop closure is released causing air to rush in
• velar closure is released

8
Velaric Airstream Mechanism

• Clicks - IPA Symbols
• Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatoalveolar
  Alveolar-Lateral
• ? ? ? ? ?
• Xhosa

9
Airstream MechanismsSummary

• Pulmonic
• Glottalic
• Ejective
• Implosive
• Velaric

10
Stops in the Worlds LanguagesSummary

• Plosives (pulmonic)
• Ejectives (glottalic)
• Implosives (glottalic)
• Clicks (velaric)

11
States of the Glottis (Phonation)

• Figure 6.4
• top of each photo
• represents front of larynx

12
Glottal State Differences that Mark Phonemic
Contrast

• voicing
• voicelessness
• murmur - vocal fold remain slightly apart
• murmured, breathy vowel a?
• murmured, breathy h ?
• creak - arytenoid cartilages hold back end of
  vocal cords together vibration only at front.
• creaky voice b0 a0 Hausa

13
Voice Onset Time

• A descriptor of stop consonants
• the measure of the time between
• the release of a stop
• and the beginning of voicing

14
Voice Onset Time (VOT)the interval between A
and B
articulators
glottal opening
v.cord vibration
A B
The wider the glottal opening, the more delayed
the voicing.
15
Different languages choose different points on
this continuum for stop oppositions

• Engl Fr/Sp Gael Thai
• fully voiced /b/ /b/
• /b/
• partially voiced
• voiceless unasp /p/ /p/ /b/ /p/
• slightly aspirated /pH/ /pH/
• heavily aspirated /p/ Spanish

16
Perception of VOT

• VOT of less than 40 ms
• is recognized as a b in English
• VOT of more than 40 ms
• is recognized as a p in English
• Conclusion
• VOT production is on a continuum
• but VOT perception is categorical
• (the lips speak a phone the brain hears a
  phoneme)

17
The Syllable
18
Do syllables exist?

• Evidence
• writing systems based on syllables
• language games (see Verlan on next slide)
• basic agreement on syllable count
• constitution, secretary, laboratory
• predictable disagreement
• bottling, hire, hour

19
Is the Syllable a Linguistic Unit?

• A French game Verlan (from lenvers, the wrong
  side
• French Verlan
• gamin gamE? mE?ga kid (masc)
• gamine gamin minga kid (fem)
• copain kopE? pE?ko mate (masc)
• copine kopin pinko mate (fem)
• francais frA?sE ______ French (masc)
• francaise frA?sez ______ French (fem)
• fumer fyme ______ to smoke
• finir finir ______ to finish

20
Two Theories of the Syllable

• The syllable contains a peak of sonority (the
  loudness of a sound relative to other sounds) --
  a subjective measure.
• The syllable is a unit of organization of the
  sounds of an utterance.

21
Why is the syllable important?

• A vowel is long syllable finally but short before
  a voiceless consonant.
• aIs krim ice cream aI? skrim I scream
• A voiceless stop is aspirated syllable initially,
  otherwise not.
• aIs kHrim aI skrim

22
Why is the syllable important?

• Syllabicity determines how we (and a speech
  synthesizer) pronounce acronyms
• UNESCO
• SCUBA
• NLRB
• But consider 3 segment acronyms, which involve
• more than just syllable structure PLO, IRA, IRS,
  INS

23
Early Words

• 11 months 16 months
• pH? ball k _at_akHi cookie
• pQ book ???Q flower
• h?k?Ha key n?mQ Simon
• 15 months
• bQ? bird Note the common
• k?? girl syllable structure.
• ??m?a moon

24
Japanese borrowings from English

• Christmas kurisumasu
• text tekisuto
• dress doresu
• glass __________
• disc __________
• Japanese and English differ in syllable structure
• Japanese does not have consonant clusters

25
The Core Syllable

• ?
• O N
• C V
• ? - syllable
• N(ucleus) - most sonorous sound (peak of acoustic
  energy) usually a vowel
• O(nset) - segment(s) that precede the nucleus

26
The Sonority Scale (revisited)

• 4 vowels most sonorous
• 3 liquids (and glides?)
• 2 nasals
• 1 obstruents least sonorous
• Sonority Sequencing
• The sonority profile of the syllable must rise
  until it peaks and then fall.

27
Grammatical Ungrammatical Sonority Profiles

• C C V C C C C V C C
• p r a n k r p a k
  n

28
Is Sonority Sequencing Universal

• 1st cons 2 cons distance
• prIRi pretty
• glQd glad
• treIn train
• psaIki psyche
• pnefmonia pneumonia
• ksenos stranger
• pteros wing

29
Minimal Sonority Distance

• English
• p r 1 3 3-12
• g l 1 3 3-12
• Greek
• p n 1 2 2-11
• k s 1 1 1-10
• p t 1 1 1-10
• Minimal Sonority Distance for English onsets is
  2, for Greek 0