Lecturer: Lushchyk U.B., MD

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Modern Models for the Living Organisms
Functioning at Normal and Pathological Conditions

• Lecturer Lushchyk U.B., MD
• u.lushchyk_at_gmail.com
• www.lushchyk.org
• www.istyna.kiev.ua
• Coauthors I.P. Babii
• V.V. Novytskyy

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Modern Models for the Living Organisms
Functioning at Normal and Pathological Conditions
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A human organism as well as any living organism
should be considered as a complex dynamic system
created by nature
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According to the systems modeling we consider
the following essential components needed for
functioning of the system

• 1. structural elements (in the living system
  organs and subsystems (cardiovascular, nervous,
  musculoskeletal, digestive, secretion, endocrine
  etc.),
• 2. conductors inside a subsystem,
• 3. intersystem conductors,
• 4. parameters indication system,
• 5. data processing system,
• 6. feedback system,
• 7. checking, control systems and various types
  of regulation.

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Clockwork

• The mechanical and cybernetic models of the
  complex systems could be the more similar to
  prototypes for the living system in mathematical
  modeling.
• Very these models are combined by principle of
  dynamic nature the system reacts fast both
  inside and outside

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Mechanical system

• Peculiar features of the mechanical system lie in
  the fact that the system functioning is
  controlled by principle of susceptibility to
  mechanical changes.
• It means that identification sensors react to
  changing of pressure, temperature, amplitude of
  movement etc,

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Mechanical system

• The mechanical system
• is sensitive to changes of a certain gradient
  (differences of a
• background and an actual index) of that or
  another parameter (a gradient becomes a
  parameter
• of sensitivity for the system).

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An analogy

• Water-supply system functions very on this
  principle namely water spontaneously flows from
  high pressure to low pressure.
• In the living system cardiovascular, partially
  digestive and secretion subsystems correspond to
  this type of functioning.

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Cybernetic system

• When we consider the model of the cybernetic
  system, it is more sensitive structure with
  numerous indicators and powerful control system.
• It is so kind of electronic system with large
  superstructures of consecutive and parallel
  conductors connection.

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Cybernetic system

• Therefore
• in comparison with the mechanical system chances
  of emergency breakage of the system are quite
  high, as in case of breakage of one segment the
  whole system could be blocked.

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Cybernetic system

• In the living system
• nervous,
• digestive,
• secretion,
• endocrine,
• partially cardiovascular subsystems correspond to
  the electronic-cybernetic type.

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Mixed mechanic-electronic (hybrid) model

• Very this distribution
• of various algorithms in a subsystems functions
  inside the human organism enables to consider its
  functioning
• on the whole
• as a mixed mechanic-electronic (hybrid) model.

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Mixed mechanic-electronic (hybrid) model

• At the present level of the science development
  the living organism is simulated in particular as
  the cybernetic system
• with numerous constant and variable parameters,
  which characterize its dynamics,
• participate actively in the processes
• of regulation and control.

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• Naturally, that the question arises
• What type of the system control prevails in
  functioning of the hybrid system?
• It is possible that the muscular system in the
  human organism is as a mediator between the
  electronic and mechanical systems.

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The hierarchy of functioning of the living system

• According to the hierarchy of functioning of the
  living system we consider the organism as an
  integral system with numerous indicators that
  function by principle of feed-back and submit to
  single center.
• Only such hierarchy enables to make a principle
  of subordination and precise submission of
  different control levels.

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Therefore we should multisided consider complex
hierarchy of the living system and virtually
imagine it in many dimensions

• 1. Macro- and microlevel of processes
  organization in the living organism.
• 2. Level of providing vital activity in the
  organism
• 3. Levels of subsystems functioning
• 4. A level of the intrasystem balance in every
  subsystem of living organism
• 5. Hierarchical level of the balance control

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Therefore we should multisided consider complex
hierarchy of the living system and virtually
imagine it in many dimensions

• 2. Level of providing vital activity in the
  organism
• minimum for life preservation,
• average (background) - for providing background
  vital activity of the organism,
• high (reserve) - for supporting the organism at
  overloads.

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Therefore we should multisided consider complex
hierarchy of the living system and virtually
imagine it in many dimensions

• 3. Levels of subsystems functioning
• structural (reverse and irreversible damages)
• hydrodynamic level
• hemodynamic level
• energy level.

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Therefore we should multisided consider complex
hierarchy of the living system and virtually
imagine it in many dimensions

• 4. A level of the intrasystem balance in every
  subsystem of living organism
• structural balance
• functional balance
• conduction balance
• energy balance
• mechanical balance
• electronic balance (cellular, humoral etc)

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Therefore we should multisided consider complex
hierarchy of the living system and virtually
imagine it in many dimensions

• 5. Hierarchical level of the balance control
• autonomous subsystemic
• central intersystemic

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Thus

• the human organism is a complex many-sided living
  system with numerous changeable parameters of its
  functioning on different levels of its
  organization with many indication systems and
  feedback connection.

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• The present level of mathematical modeling
  development enables to investigate profoundly the
  hierarchy of the models functioning of the
  hybrid systems

• and study new unexplored algorithms
• of autoregulation in the living organism.

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Our experience of patients treatment

• Our large experience of treatment patients in
  coma - apallic syndrome (AS) and the analysis of
  restoration of their functions in the
  rehabilitation process made us interested in the
  aspect of estimation of reserve potential of the
  human organism and capacity of self-restoration
  with numerous and deep damages in the brain,
  multi-injuries. Our considerations we tried to
  present in the next models from minimum
  capability to maximum adaptation.

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A minimal model

• The human body could be an initial stage for
  modeling the living system, which is structurally
  formed, has all organs but not all are
  functioning. In most cases very this model could
  be as a standard for modeling any comatose
  states. Our results have shown that most patients
  with AS had satisfactory blood, urine tests etc.
  It says that a living organism was statically
  preserved, however from dynamic positions it was
  not able to function adequately. This means that
  considering the simple model we have a
  structurally preserved body, but is not capable
  to function - a body in shock (coma with
  expressed disbalance in functioning of vitally
  important organs).

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A chaotic model

• Now we will complicate the model - a body start
  functioning as a chaotic system, organs and
  systems chaotically work in their autonomous
  background mode. This model reminds an orchestra
  that keeps training without a bandleader before a
  concert. Chaos of sounds of different instruments
  could be heard. Sometimes occasionally they fall
  together in euphony. The model of initial
  resuscitation can be considered by the example of
  an organism which begins to wake up from shock.

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A model of the control decentralization

• The next model is a variant of resuscitation,
  there is a start for rhythmic work of the heart
  and breathing, however there are no minimum signs
  of the brain functioning, which clinically are
  shown by changing of phases sleep-cheerfulness.
  That is so-called heavy artillery (heart,
  breathing) started in the automatic mode, however
  the leading organ the brain is not able to
  restore its higher hierarchical function. The
  model can be associated with the state of apallic
  syndrome.

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Thus

• 3 models - coma, resuscitation and apallic
  syndrome can be in the basis of the process of
  mathematical modeling, as the most primitive, and
  the next models of little and large
  consciousness, self-service, social and
  professional adaptation describe more complicated
  levels of the human organisms functioning.

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Parameters of the living system model

• Parameters of the living system model could be
  divided into parameters of external dynamics
  (visual and clinical) and internal dynamics
  (instrumental).
• There are such variants of identification of
  parameters for the living system model
• Visual,
• Clinical,
• Instrumental.

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In our clinical practice the mentioned approach
gave significant results and enabled to come to
such conclusions

• 1. All living organisms function by principle of
  stable balance of two mutually opposite vectors
  of influence
• arteriovenous balance
• harmonic development - disproportionate
  ontogenesis
• excitation-braking and etc.
• 2. According to laws of mathematical modeling
  living organisms exist as integral with precise
  systemic hierarchies. Violation of subordination
  of one or another system in the brain could
  result in re-profiling of the size and vector of
  excitation, violation of processes of
  synchronization of all involved links.

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In our clinical practice the mentioned approach
gave significant results and enabled to come to
such conclusions

• 3. The living system functions as a hybrid system
  at combination and simultaneous existence of two
  subsystems - mechanical and electronic control
  with their partial mutual submission. The
  mechanical system is more lasting in comparison
  with the hybrid one.
• 4. Therefore lack of pathological paroxysms,
  diminishing of their frequency and duration on a
  background of harmonic development of personality
  of a patient and balancing of regulator systems
  of various vectors should be considered as an end
  goal in treatment of patients of
  psychoneurological type. Paradoxical reactions
  could be an exception, they said about disbalance
  or failure in the system of reacting and one
  should consider them and foreseen before the
  treatment. The paradoxical reactions of a
  disbalanced organism can result in considerable
  worsening of the patients state in comparison
  with the background ill state.

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In our clinical practice the mentioned approach
gave significant results and enabled to come to
such conclusions

• 5. A concentration of anticonvulsant drugs in an
  elbow vein can considerably differ from the
  concentration of these drugs in the brain areas,
  especially at presence of the phenomenon of the
  arteriovenous shunting in cavernous or in other
  sinuses of the brain.
• 6. Stress reactions, which are fixed in the brain
  and were not neutralized during psychotherapy
  sessions, can be a trigger of frightful dreams
  resulting in a nightly convulsive attack.
• 7. Today the complex objectivization of the state
  of all systems in the brain (exactly the brain!)
  is urgently required under control of up-to-date
  diagnostic equipment for adequate and correct
  tactics of treatment patients with convulsive
  reactions, preferably from the phase of the
  disease debut.

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Alexander, 33 years old

• Alexander F., born in 1977
• Diagnosis vegetative state as a result
• of CCCI (February 2004),
• severe brain injury
• Coma duration 1 week
• Beginning of the treatment
• November 2004
• He had 4 scheduled courses
• of intensive neurorehabiliitation
• for 30 days each up to July 2005.

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Andrew, 29 years old

• Andrew Y., born in 1981
• Diagnosis vegetative status as a result of CCCI
  (August 2001), severe brain injury,
  subarachnoidal-parenchymatous hemorrhage, brain
  edema.
• Coma duration 3 weeks.
• The beginning of treatment February 2002 He had
  5 scheduled courses of intensive
  neurorehabilitation for 30 days each up to
  November 2005.

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Therefore

• losing of consciousness of patients with
  convulsive reactions should be considered as
  pathologically sanogenic, which means that the
  organisms attempts to find a way out of a
  non-standard situation or just to inform about
  disorders in the living organism. The hybrid
  living system in functioning provides with the
  emergency changing to the system of the hard
  protective re-start of the organism without
  interference of the patient himself. However it
  doesnt mean that it is able to overcome all
  breakages in the organism. Not "harm the brain
  and help it to control the situation" - such
  approach might be in the base of present
  tendencies in treatment of patients with
  convulsive attacks, unlike the simple blocking of
  visual convulsive reactions by high doses of
  anticonvulsants.

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Thus

• understanding of peculiar features of the living
  system re-start in a damaged organism enables to
  simulate states, to foresee a patients state,
  possible rehabilitation and a level of
  restoration of the lost functions of the
  organism. In our clinical practice the mentioned
  approach allowed to make sure, that there are not
  any incurable states in medicine, and there is a
  problem of using mathematical modeling in
  questions of the health restoration.

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Thank you for your attention !