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A Course Designed to Save Firefighters Lives

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Title: A Course Designed to Save Firefighters Lives


1
Firefighter Survival Course
  • A Course Designed to Save Firefighters Lives

2
Course Introduction
  • Instructors
  • B/C Forest Reeder
  • Lt. Mike Grazian
  • FF/PM Ken Brucki
  • Program Goals
  • Orientation to concepts of self rescue and rapid
    intervention
  • Review of actual scenarios
  • Practical experience
  • Train the Trainer focus

3
Course References
  • Illinois Fire Service Institute - Saving Our Own
    Program
  • Firefighter Survival - John Sulka, FDNY
  • Firefighter Safety and Survival -
  • USFA / NIOSH / NFPA Reports
  • Personal Experiences and Case Studies
  • Training

4
Common Factors in Firefighter Fatalities and
Injuries
  • Lost or separated from team
  • Hotter Fires
  • Malfunctioning SCBA
  • Inactivated PASS device
  • Lack of knowledge of self-rescue techniques

5
Course Objectives
  • Classroom
  • Understand the concepts of self-rescue
  • Understand the process of rapid intervention
    teams
  • Understand the responsibilities of the RIT
    officer and team members
  • Identify some of the basic tools required for SR
    and RIT
  • Practical Exercises
  • Self-Rescue Techniques
  • Size-up for RIT
  • Rapid Intervention Scenarios

6
Self Rescue Concepts
  • Before Rapid Intervention even begins,
    firefighters must posses the ability to begin to
    remove themselves from mechanisms that have
    trapped them
  • Wires
  • Debris
  • Occupancy

Hose Slide
7
Firefighter Rescue Scenarios
Self
Team assisted
Quick exit using hose slide
SCBA onto unconscious FF
8
Skills Necessary for Self Rescue
  • Knowledge of Building Construction
  • Fire Spread and Fire Behavior
  • How to Call for Help
  • Mayday, Emergency Traffic
  • Where are you in building
  • How to find the FASTEST way out
  • Turnout gear protects for only seconds in
    flashover
  • Low air means time to get out
  • No more primary, secondary or firefighting
    operations

9
Personal Equipment
Suggested Equipment for Self-Survival
Should be available to EACH firefighter
10
Self Rescue Scenarios
Must be able to tie handcuff knot around self or
downed firefighter (RIT)
11
Self Rescue Scenarios
Ladder Bail-out Was ladder placed for rescue, by
RIT, or for ventilation?
12
Self Rescue Scenarios
Getting into a safe refuge area FDNY found this
most overlooked
13
Self Rescue Scenarios
Performed with minimum equipment
14
5.00 - 10.00
Self Rescue Scenarios
Cable TV, Phone, Ceiling Support, Flex Duct
15
Firefighter Survival Skills Training
  • Quarterly review of these lifesaving skills is a
    must
  • Donning / Doffing of SCBA (Reduced Profile
    Maneuver)
  • Other product specific advanced SCBA techniques
    quick fill
  • Tying of basic rescue knots
  • Bowline around self
  • Handcuff knot
  • Activation of RIT
  • Mayday or Emergency Traffic
  • Release from obstructions techniques
  • Swim Method for wire, use of sidecutters
  • Hose direction identification by couplings

Safety and Survival Drills
16
Rapid Intervention Teams
17
Rapid Intervention Teams
18
Cover of Trapped Firefighter
Rapid Intervention Teams
19
Rapid Intervention Teams
20
Rapid Intervention Teams
21
Rapid Intervention TeamsBasic Concepts
  • A function of Command
  • Assembled in teams of 2 or more
  • Bring rescue equipment to Command
  • Perform own size-up of scene
  • May do other functions as long as available
    immediately
  • Most important assignment given to a company
  • Protect and rescue firefighters

22
Personal Skills Required for RIT Assignment
  • Size-up Skills
  • Building Construction
  • Fire Spread and Behavior
  • Communications
  • Aggressive Can-do spirit
  • Use of multiple types of tools and equipment
  • Ability to act fast under poor conditions

ATTITUDE
ATTITUDE
23
Team Skills Required for RIT Assignment
  • Must be familiar with all aspects of assignment
  • Fireground is not the place to learn
  • Preparation in training will begin process
  • Ability to function as a team
  • Identification of key tasks and positions

24
NFPA Requirements for RIT
25
OSHA 2 in / 2 out Compliance
  • A Rapid Intervention Team should fulfill the
    requirements as specified in the 29 CFR Part
    1910.134 regulation
  • A minimum of four individuals is required before
    entry into the hazard area (interior operations)
    may begin
  • Two of the four must be present and ready outside
    the hazard area
  • Must be identically equipped
  • Crews in hazard area must remain in either voice,
    visual or tethered contact with each other at all
    times
  • Radio may not be substituted for direct visual
    contact

26
The Beginning of Self-Rescue and RIT
  • FDNY and Philadelphia
  • Found common denominators in many situations
  • No quick way to mobilize firefighters to rescue
    our own
  • Many names for RIT
  • Firefighter Assist Team, Rapid Intervention Crew,
    Firefighter Rescue Team, etc.
  • Idea is still the same

27
Case Histories
  • Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
  • Memphis, Tennessee
  • Denver, Colorado
  • Columbus, Ohio
  • Burr Ridge, IL
  • Other of note not included in this presentation
  • Hackensack, NJ
  • Seattle, WA
  • Philadelphia, PA
  • New York, NY

Must Know Info.
28
Case Histories Pittsburgh 3 Firefighters Killed
Three Pittsburgh firefighters died on Feb 14,
1995 died at a dwelling fire after they were
unable to escape the interior of a building. All
three firefighters were together in one room and
had exhausted their air supplies. - 3 other
firefighter were rescued from same room,
accountability did not identify all who were
lost. - All 3 had PASS devices that were not
activated - No RIT available to rescue lost and
trapped firefighters
29
Case HistoriesMemphis High-Rise Kills 2
Firefighters
2 Memphis Firefighters will killed on April 11,
1994 in a high-rise fire. Both firefighters died
when trapped on the fire floor of this building.
1 firefighter became trapped by cable TV wire
which had fallen from the ceiling area and
wrapped around his SCBA bottle. - Both
firefighters became separated from each other
and ran out of air. PASS devices were worn but
never activated. - Rescue crews lacked
understanding of position of trapped
firefighters and crawled right past one member
30
Case HistoriesDenver Office Fire Kills 1
Firefighter
A Denver firefighter was killed on September 28,
1982 when he became trapped inside the structure
by the failure of lightweight construction
members. Numerous attempts at rescue from a
confined space through a window frame were
unsuccessful. - Firefighter was separated from
his crew when collapse occurred. - Rescue
crews were unable to assist firefighter through
window. - Limited visibility and victim position
were factors in the rescue attempt.
31
Case HistoriesColumbus Commercial Fire Kills 1
Firefighter
A firefighter was killed when he fell through a
hole in the floor of a mixed commercial occupancy
on July 25, 1987. This firefighter was located
early into his entrapment and despite many heroic
efforts to rescue him, firefighters were unable
to remove him from the hole he had fallen
through. - Numerous attempts to pull and lift
firefighter were unsuccessful - Self-rescue
techniques did not work due to altered mental
status - Crews had to abandon structure with
firefighter still trapped inside
32
Case HistoriesPleasantview Firefighter Killed in
Single Family Dwelling
On December 6, 1989, Lt. Joseph Samec died while
battling a residential house fire in Burr Ridge,
IL. Lt. Samec and his crew tried to rapidly exit
the structure due to heavy involvement of the
basement when the floor collapsed. - Rescue
attempts included face to face and holding of
arms/hands were unsuccessful. - Lt. Samec
breached two walls in his attempt to escape but
failed to make the stairs and was found face
down on the staircase.
33
Case Studies - Summary
  • May Joe Samec, John Nance, Mark Langvardt, and
    the 100 other firefighters who have make the
    SUPREME SACRAFICE every year rest in peace
    forever.
  • Their memory serves as a catalyst for how and why
    we train
  • We must learn for these tragedies and every
    near-miss that occurs
  • We must revisit these occurrences as often as
    possible

34
Rapid Intervention Teams
  • Referenced from NFPA 1500, 1992 Edition
  • Now in use nationwide as the ultimate in
    firefighter life safety procedures
  • Provides for the rescue of lost, trapped or
    injured firefighters
  • Allows Command to have outside tasks completed
    while RIT crew is in the standby mode

35
Rapid Intervention Teams
  • Definition
  • RITs are crews of at least two members who may
    be called upon to supply rescue techniques to
    other firefighters operating a the scene of an
    emergency. These crews will have at least the
    same level of training and protective equipment
    as those operating at the scene.

36
General Purpose of Rapid Intervention Teams
  • Purpose
  • Provide for the establishment of a Rapid
    Intervention Team (RIT) within the Incident
    Management System
  • Essential function of COMMAND
  • Allows for dedicated company assigned to this
    function
  • Meets current federal and local regulatory
    requirements
  • One of the last industries to apply rescue of our
    own to work place
  • Work Place Emergency Scene

37
When to have a Rapid Intervention Team
  • Utilized at any time firefighters are at risk
  • structural firefighting
  • hazardous materials response
  • technical rescue
  • water rescue or recovery
  • during attack and hazard operations

38
Objectives of a Rapid Intervention Team
  • Objectives of RIT
  • Establish a means of effectively assisting
    members suddenly threatened by a dangerous
    situation at an emergency incident
  • Provide a means for the IC to initiate an
    immediate rescue effort.

39
Assigning Rapid Intervention Teams
  • Dispatch of Equipment-Assignment to RIT
  • IC should establish the RITS whenever FD
    personnel are required to operate under hazardous
    conditions.
  • The composition and structure of RIT should be
    flexible based on the size and complexity of
    operations. The IC shall evaluate the situation
    and risks to operating teams and shall provide
    more teams commensurate with the needs of the
    situation
  • Some scenes may require the establishment of more
    than one team
  • Size of structure or complexity of structure

40
Rapid Intervention Teams
  • In the initial stages of an accident, the RIT
    shall be either
  • On scene personnel designated and dedicated as
    RIT
  • On scene personnel performing other functions but
    ready to redeploy to perform RIT functions
  • As the incident expands in size or complexity,
    the RITs shall be on scene personnel dedicated
    to that function

41
Rapid Intervention Teams
  • Reporting to the Fireground
  • Companies designated as RIT will bypass staging,
    and report directly to the IC
  • Companies designated as RIT must park their
    apparatus so as not to interfere with fireground
    operations
  • Must bring minimum specified equipment and be
    prepared for immediate entry into incident area
    if required
  • Additional equipment may be required after RIT
    completes own size-up of scene
  • Incident Command must supply WHATEVER is
    determined to be needed

42
Rapid Intervention TeamsCommand Notes
  • If used for other tactical assignments, the RIT
    must be replaced another crew
  • May be used to secure utilities
  • Force exit/entry around structure
  • Dont place into position where deployment would
    be delayed
  • If the need for rescue is diminished, the RIT may
    be assigned to other tasks

43
Primary Tasks for RITs
  • Respond to any firefighter reported in distress
  • Assess the need for ground ladders
  • Monitor radio and maintain contact with IC for
    quick response if needed
  • Assess where ff. personnel are located in the
    structure and any special tasks they are
    performing
  • Size up structure, walk building to determine
    these factors
  • Appropriate tools carried by members

44
Rapid Intervention Team Equipment
Minimum Suggested Equipment
  • Flat head axe/halligan tool
  • Sledge hammer or maul
  • Search rope, 150 minimum
  • Portable saws
  • Hand lights
  • Ground ladders
  • Oxygen/EMS
  • Portable radios
  • SCBA complete
  • SCBA spare bottles

45
Equipment Note
  • Key word is RAPID. Dont overload the personnel.
    Equipment must be available and RITs have
    priority to use it.
  • Use pre-arranged bags or kits with most equipment
    pre-packed and ready to go.
  • Saves time when arriving on fireground

46
RIT Size-up Skills
Fire Eng. Jan 1998, R. Lasky, B. Hoff
  • Building Dimension
  • Occupancy
  • Construction Type
  • Placement of windows, doors, escapes, porches,
    etc.
  • Tactics
  • Offensive, Defensive, Defensive to Offensive
  • Command Operations in place
  • Ladders and Truck Operations
  • Time of Operations

47
Equipment - Wood Frame, Heavy Timber, Ordinary
  • Pickhead axes and pikes
  • Circular wood-blade saw
  • Ventilation chain saw
  • Halligan and sledgehammer
  • Search rope
  • SCBA and extra supply
  • Charged hoseline
  • Ground ladders

48
Equipment - Noncombustible/Fire Resistive
  • Halligan bars
  • Sledgehammers
  • Circular metal-blade saw
  • Torches
  • Search rope
  • SCBA and extra supply
  • Charged hoseline
  • Ground ladders

49
Other Size-up Considerations
  • Check with rehab officer on condition of
    firefighters
  • Check with Safety Officer and compare information
  • Relocate or add another RIT
  • Potential collapse and collapse area
  • EMS for the RIT available

50
RIT Size-up of a Structure
51
1-36
52
Command Mode Slide 1
1-58
53
Tips from the Pros
54
Special Thanks and Acknowledgements
  • All Fallen Firefighters, Their Sprit Lives In Us
    Forever
  • Saving Our Own - Illinois Fire Service Institute
  • Getting Out Alive - Fire Department New York City
  • Firefighter Survival - Phoenix AZ, FDNY
  • Elgin IL - Regional Fire Academy Firefighter
    Survival Program
  • Illinois Society of Fire Service Instructors
  • Pleasantview Fire Protection District
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