APPLICATIONS OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

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APPLICATIONS OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

• -Jasmine Kaur

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What are antibodies.

• An antibody is a protein used by the immune
  system to identify and neutralize foreign objects
  like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody
  recognizes a specific antigen unique to its
  target.
• Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that
  are identical because they were produced by one
  type of immune cell, all clones of a single
  parent cell.
• Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are
  derived from different cell lines.

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ANTIBODIES
POLYCLONAL.
MONOCLONAL.
Derived from different B Lymphocytes cell lines
Derived from a single B cell clone
mAb offer Reproducible, Predictable Potentially
inexhaustible supply of Ab with exquisite
specificity
Batch to Batch variation affecting Ab reactivity
titre
NOT Powerful tools for clinical diagnostic tests
Enable the development of secure immunoassay
systems.
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Application Of MAbs  

• The application of monoclonal antibodies can be
  broadly categorized as
• a) Diagnostic application
• b) Therapeutic application
• c) Catalytic MAb (Abzymes)

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Diagonstic Application

• MAbs are utilized in diagnostic kits for the
  diagnosis of various infectious diseases,
  detecting pregnancy, monitoring drug
  levels, matching histocompatibility antigen,
  detecting diabetes, cancer and in
  immunoscintigraphy.
•  FDA licensed a new diagnostic imaging agent that
  can determine the extent of disease in patients
  diagnosed with small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
  Because these agents can detect tumor in
  different part of the body at one time, it can
  help physician to advice certain patients with
  advanced forms of the disease about treatment
  option without requiring further diagnostic
  tests.   
•      
• The new agent, Nofetumomab, is a fragment of a
  monoclonal antibody that when tagged with the
  radioisotope technique, can detect a protein
  found on the surface of most small lung cancer
  cells.

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Therapeutic Application

• Improving the out come of bone marrow
  transplantation by using CD52 MAbs to prevent
  Graft-Versus-Host disease and Graft rejection.
  Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) is a major cause
  of mortality and mobidity after allogenic bone
  marrow transplantation, but can be avoided by
  removing T-lymphocytes from the donor bone
  marrow.
• However, T-cell depletion increases the risk of
  graft rejection. This study examined the use of
  CD52 MAb to eliminate   T- cells from both donor
  marrow and recipient to prevent both GVHD and
  rejection.
• Alemtuzumab is the monoclonal antibody used for
  this purpose.

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Catalytic MAb (Abzymes)

• The antibodies are extremely efficient at binding
  ground states of the target molecule while
  enzymes obtained their catalytic efficiency from
  tight binding of the transition state for the
  reaction.
• Thus antibodies can be made efficient catalysts
  if they are made for reaction transition state.
• Lemer and his co-workers explored the probability
  of enzyme like action of antibodies by producing
  hapten-carrier complex where the hapten
  structurally resembled transition state and
  anti-hapten MAbs generated, gave catalytic
  activity.
• The hydrolysis of substrate increased thousand
  fold after incubation.