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UNIT 12

• THE POLLUTION

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    POLLUTION OF WATER

• Some sea and aquatic experts argue that all the
  new ones products introduced in our sea and
  rivers should be considered potentially lethal.  
  
•      "the following day we navigated under weak
  wind through an ocean where the limpid water was
  full of flotation and black masses of tar,
  seemingly endless... Atlantic Ocean no longer it
  was blue, but grey-greenish and opaque, covered
  with clots of petroleum that varied of size, from
  the head of a pin to the dimensions of a
  sandwich. In the middle of the garbage, bottles
  of plastic floated.      could be in a dirty town
  port... he/she Became clear for us that the
  humanity was really to pollute his/her more vital
  one nascent, the indispensable filter of our
  planet, the ocean." from"The Expedições Rã by
  Thor Heyerdalil.  
•  Marks of the pollution is very visible foamy
  rivers, an oily shine to the surface of a lake,
  blocked courses of water of domestic garbage (as
  it is the case of our river Gild). But great part
  is invisible. Lakes affected by the acid rains
  can still seem very beautiful but without
• Unhappily the aggression to our aquatic
  atmosphere doesn't end here. In the seas, lakes
  and rivers an enormous diversity of different
  species exist and many of them supply the
  humanity with a lot of nutritious food. Threats
  didn't exist to this source of food before 19th
  century. When larger ships and techniques more
  efficient piscatorial, began to provoke a serious
  wear and tear in the reproductive populations.
  From the ocean whale to the smallest crustacean
  of fresh water has been decimated by the Man.The
  diffusion of marine garbage of pole to pole turns
  necessary an international surveillance. The
  ships that spill petroleum and pollutant chemical
  in the water of the oceans. But although the
  discharges and haemorrhages of petroleum in the
  high sea have important local effects, these
  waters are free from the worst effects of the
  pollution. The main concern areas are the ones
  that are close to earth and to agglomerated
  humans. It is here that the pollution ponders, it
  is also here that there is most of sea life, in
  the continental platforms.

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 2. Effects of the pollutants more common in
the rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal waters,
swamps and water tables
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• Nitrates are found in the sewers, the fertilizers
  and the phosphates (found in the detergents and
  fertilizers). In excessive levels, the nutrients
  stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae.
  The excessive growth of these organisms can
  affect the navigability it can provoke a
  decrease of oxygen.Once these organisms use the
  dissolved oxygen as they are decomposed they  can
  block the light of deep waters. This affects
  seriously the breathing of the fish and of the
  aquatic invertebrate animals what originates a
  decrease of the diversity of animals and plants
  affects our use of the water for fishing and
  swimming. In the water tables, the fertilizers
  and nitrates are among the main contaminators of
  drinking water.
•      The fine sands and other solids are
  resulted of construction areas, urban areas. When
  these sediments enter in rivers, lakes, coastal
  waters or swamps, the breathing of the fish is
  harmed, the productivity of the plants and the
  depth of the waters are reduced and the organisms
  of their habitats are removed.
•      The pathogenic organisms (certain bacteria,
  viral illnesses, protozoa, transported by the
  water) can cause human diseases that vary from
  the typhoid and the dysentery, even breathing
  diseases . These organisms go to the water
  through many roads, including sewers treated
  inadequately, coming waters of a storm, septic
  system and boats that spill sewers. Because it is
  impossible to test the water for each type of
  bacteria caused of diseases,it has been made
  tests to find an indicative bacterium just as the
  faecal oviform that it allows the water to be
  seen if it is polluted in the sewer that it was
  not treated and if other more dangerous organisms
  are present.
•      The organic material can penetrate in the
  drivers of water as sewers or as leaves. When the
  bacteria and the natural protozoa in the water
  begin to decompose these organic materials, they
  begin to drain the oxygen dissolved in the water.
  Many types of fish cannot survive when the levels
  of dissolved oxygen is lower .The metals (just
  as the mercury, the lead and the cadmium) and the
  poisonous organic chemists (just as PCB) they are
  usually resistant to the atmosphere and they can
  cause the death or reproductive flaws in the fish
  . In addition, they can be accumulate in the
  animals and in the reproduction of fish. They
  can be absorbed in sediments or be found in
  reservations of water ,putting in risk the human
  health.

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 POLLUTION OF WATER IN PORTUGAL

• In Portugal there are several examples that
  pollution is capable to do the rivers, that in
  times they were clean rivers, now the water is
  quite dirty, the smell is also quite unpleasant
  the beaches along the Portuguese coast, were also
  in times beaches where the water and the sand
  were very clean and now they are quite polluted
  Febros, tributary of the I Gild, that in times it
  had been inhabited by a great abundance and
  variety of fish doing get there to be otters, now
  it is just "inhabited" by trucks tires, bottles
  and many other things. Small rivers and pluvial
  conducts also serve of deposit, spilling tons of
  debris daily in the river and in the sea. The
  effects are evident pollution. Certain beaches
  constitute a risk for the public health, for the
  children or adults, that a lot of of the times,
  they are very near to play or to take bath, a lot
  of times without they know the danger that they
  run. In rivers, as in the Portuguese beaches, the
  existent pollution, the collar like concentration
  did constitute a threat to the public health. But
  it is not everything. The sewer is composed by
  great amounts of organic matter and pathogenic
  organisms and still salts minerals, that when
  arriving, without treatment to a river, the
  organic matter is degraded, consuming a lot of
  oxygen. The pathogenic organisms survive and the
  salts minerals feed the existent flora that it
  reproduces quickly and in some cases, it produces
  poisonous substances. The treatment of the sewers
  would eliminate the pathogenic organisms and it
  would facilitate the control of the development
  of the fluvial plants, increasing the amount of
  existent oxygen in water.  The microbial flora
  and the very abundant parasitic fauna in the
  sewer are also a reason to be concerned of. We 
  should not forget the famous black plague that
  killed so much people, nor the cholera in having
  provoked for water infected by sewers.

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•    The pesticides and herbicides used in the
  agricultural lands can be taken by the rain or by
  the overhead irrigations for the soil and for the
  superficial waters. These contaminations are in
  general very persistent in the atmosphere and
  they can be accumulate in the fish and in others
  you encourage levels that can put in risk the
  human health and even the atmosphere.The
  pesticides can be infiltrated in lands and
  pollute the wells of drinking water.
•     The modifications of the habitat result of
  such activities are as the agriculture, the
  canalisations, construction of dams. The typical
  examples of the effects of the hydrological
  modification include losses of the coastal
  vegetation and increase of the temperature of the
  waters.
•     The other pollutants include the salts, acid
  pollutants and the oil. The water can become
  inappropriate for the aquatic life and for some
  human uses when it is contaminated by salts. The
  salinity sources include the salt water, used in
  the extraction of the oil and the intrusion of
  salt water in the soil and in the superficial
  waters close to the coast.  The problems of
  acidity can happen in areas with many abandoned
  mines and in areas open to the acid rain. The
  changes of the acidity (measure of the pH) can
  alter the poisonous level of other chemical in
  the water and they can turn lakes or fountains
  inappropriate for the aquatic life.
•     Other pollutants that worry the Man include
  the crude and other derived products of the
  petroleum that can be spilled during its
  extraction, processing, transport or escape of
  the underground reservoirs poisonous aquatic
  plants, particularly species introduced that
  compete with other native plants and the
  temperature increase resulting of the process of
  industrial cooling or modifications of the
  habitat.
•  

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4. POLLUTION OF WATER IN THE WORLD

• In United Kingdom, about 1 and half billion are
  unloaded everyday for the sea through conducts
  along the coast. Besides, approximately 2 million
  tons of garbage poison are unloaded for the sea
  all of the years. Two great problems of this
  discharge appear the derived visible debris of
  the sewers and, more important still, the risks
  for the health that can happen after using waters
  polluted by sewers.  
•      The whales Belugas live in the waters of the
  river S. Lourenço, in Canada. They are the only
  whales of fresh water of the world. They are
  white and poisonous. The industrial and dangerous
  pollutant chemical products that it has been
  coming to accumulate in the river along the last
  40 years are transferred along the alimentary
  chain for Belugas. The reproduction of the whales
  contain such concentrations of these chemical
  ones that, according to the Canadian law, to
  their bodies it has the special destiny of the
  poisonous garbage.  
•      Since 1940 the United States increased
  70.000 new chemical substances to the atmosphere.
  These are found in soils, water and eventually
  in our feeding. Nobody is safe. All are the
  victims of the pollution.      "As  industries of
  the United States generate to the turn of 40
  million tons of poisonous debris a year, 90 of
  them ,  according the estimates of E.P.A.
  (Environment Protection Agency), they are
  unloaded inadequately (without the due treatment)
  ". The USA are not the only ones. There are many
  industrialized countries producing of poisonous
  substances. It is considered that the drinking
  water of the USA has 2100 chemists poisonous
  cancer causes, cellular mutations and nervous
  problems. The central of existent treatment are
  not prepared to remove the new poisonous
  chemists, and the government is slow to take
  measures to regulate the high taxes of
  contamination.

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Polluted Ramalde..!!!!

• Ramalde reflects the pollution of any city in
  roads of development.There is a serious
  instability environmental .There are coming
  garbage of the domestic life, there are
  discharges, so much for atmosphere as for the
  formerly beautiful river. There is a criminal
  negligence on the part of the civil authorities.

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Pollution A Preoccupying Situation

•  The Town Hall services are responsible for the
  collects and treatment of data about resonant and
  atmospheric pollution.As we announced, the
  situation is really serious in most of the areas
  of the people of Campo Grande and S. João. Two
  examples
• - The noise reaches, as minimum values, the 70
  and 75 decibels (dB). With the passage of
  airplanes, in certain areas, reaches the 100 dB.
  An alone value by itself preoccupying r the human
  health.

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Introduction to the Pollution

• In the nature, a biological balance among all the
  alive beings. In this system in balance the
  organisms produce substances that are useful for
  other organisms and so forth. The pollution will
  exist every time that residues (solids, liquids
  or gaseous) produced by micro organisms, or
  thrown by the man in the nature, they go superior
  to the capacity of absorption of the environment,
  provoking alterations in the survival of the
  species. The pollution can be understood, still,
  as any alteration of the existent ecological
  balance.
• The pollution is produced essentially by the man
  and it is directly related with the
  industrialization processes and the humanity's
  consequent urbanization. Those are the two
  contemporary factors that can explain the current
  pollution indexes clearly. The pollutant agents
  are the more possible variables and they are
  capable to alter the water, the soil, the air,
  etc.
• Pollution, is therefore, an aggression to the
  nature, to the environment in that the man lives.
  The effects of the pollution are today so wide
  that already countless organizations of defence
  of the environment exist.

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Classification of the Pollutants
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In agreement with the Origin

• a)Primary Pollutant - they are present in the
  atmosphere in the shape that it is emitted as a
  result of some process. The main ones pollutant
  of this category are so much solids, as liquids
  and gaseous, or even radiations. We mentioned as
  primary pollutant fine particles, rude
  particles, composed of nitrogen, carbon
  monoxides, composed of sulphur, composed
  halogenations, composed organic, among others.

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In agreement with the Origin

• b)Secondary Pollutant - It is produced in the
  atmosphere by the reaction among two or primary
  pollutant, or by the reaction with constituent
  normal atmospheric, with or without
  picture-activation. We mentioned as secondary
  pollutant oxidizers, acid fogs, smog.

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In agreement with the State

• a) Gases and steams - CO, CO2, SO2, NO2
• b) Solid and liquid particles - Dusts, tobaccos,
  fogs and smokes

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Solid and liquid particles - Dusts, tobaccos,
fogs and smokes

• a) Pollutant Organic - Hydrocarbons, aldehydes
  and acetones
• b) Pollutant Inorganic - H2S, HF, NH3

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The great forms of aquatic pollution
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• Pluvial sewers and urban drainage - Drainage of
  impermeable surfaces including streets, buildings
  and other areas paved for sewers or tubes before
  they unload for superficial waters.

• Industrial - pulp Factories and of paper,
  chemists' factories, factories of textile,
  factories of alimentary products...

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• Agricultural - Excess of fertilizers that will
  infiltrate in the soil and to pollute the
  underground water tables and the rivers or brooks
  
• Extraction of resources Minas... - Modifications
  hydrological Canalisations, construction of
  dams...

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Chemical pollution of the waters

• It is a type of pollution of waters that reaches
  rivers and oceans. Two types of pollutant
  characterize the chemical pollution

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• a) Biodegradable - Chemical products that at the
  end of a time, they are decomposed by the action
  of bacteria. They are examples of pollutant
  biodegradable the detergent, insecticides,
  fertilizers, petroleum, etc

• b) Persistent - Saint chemical products that
  stays for long time in the environment and in the
  alive organisms. These pollutant ones can cause
  serious problems as the contamination of foods,
  fish and crustaceans. They are examples of
  pollutant persistent DDT, the mercury, etc.

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• Usually the mercury is used in the mining to
  separate the gold in the rivers. If a polluted
  fish for mercury be ingested by people, this
  polluted fish can take these people until the
  death if they don't take you make arrangements
  immediate.
• The rivers usually get to "dilute" a certain
  amount of pollutant chemical, but if these
  amounts are outdated grows in the river
  green-bluish algae, that you/they make to smell
  him/it badly. These bacteria reproduce quickly
  and they are going increasing stealing all the
  oxygen of the water. Without oxygen the fish are
  going dying little by little, and a lifetime in
  the river it is going stopping existing, dying
  the bacteria besides.

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Pollution by pathogenic organisms

• The water can be infected by pathogenic
  organisms, existent in the sewers. Like this, it
  can contain

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• Bacteria - they Provoke infections intestinal
  epidemics and endemic (typhoid fever, cholera,
  shigelose, salmonelose, leptospirose etc.).
• Virus - they provoke hepatitides, infections in
  the eyes etc.

• Protozoa - Responsible for the am biases and
  giardíases, etc.
• Worms - Esquistossomose and other infestations
  

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Pollution of Rivers
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• As fruit of the man's performance on the
  environment, the problem of the pollution of the
  rivers appears.
• The sources of pollution of the water of the
  rivers result, among other factors, of the
  domestic sewers, industrial spilling, drainage of
  the rain of the urban areas and of the waters of
  irrigation return.

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• This way, mainly the current century, the great
  population growth and the industrial development,
  besides the use, every time larger, of chemical
  fertilizers and insecticides in the farming has
  been causing serious damages in general to the
  rivers and the life.
• The great concentrations of nitrogen and match,
  used in the fertilizers and fertilizers, they
  constitute a type very common of pollution of the
  water. The torrents transport for the rivers the
  phosphates and nitrates. These nurture the
  aquatic plants, the ones which, multiplying
  (especially algae), they absorb the oxygen of the
  water.The lack of oxygen provokes the death of
  many plants and animals that, if they decompose,
  increase the pollution.

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• It is noticed that the rivers, as source of
  foods, means of transportation and suppliers of
  water for the irrigation of lands and for use in
  general of the man, they had been threatened .It
  is need measures to stop pollution or rigid norms
  of the use of the natural resources must be
  adopted. In case that it doesn't happen the
  rivers will be agonizing.
• In United Kingdom, about 1 billion of litres they
  are unloaded everyday for the sea through
  conducts along the coast. Besides, approximately
  2 million tons of garbage poison are unloaded for
  the sea all of the years. Two great problems of
  this discharge appear the derived visible debris
  of the sewers and, more important still, the
  risks for the health that you/they can happen
  after using waters polluted by sewers.

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The Thermal Pollution
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• The thermal pollution elapses of the release, in
  the rivers, of the warm water used at the process
  of cooling of refineries, steel industries and
  thermo electrical plants. For the alive beings,
  the effects of the temperature concern the
  acceleration of the metabolism, in other words,
  of the chemical activities that happen in the
  cells. The acceleration of the metabolism
  provokes increase of the need of oxygen and,
  consequently, in the acceleration of the
  breathing rhythm. On the other hand, such
  breathing needs are committed, because the
  haemoglobin has little likeness with the warm
  oxygen. Combined and reinforced with other
  pollution forms she can impoverish the atmosphere
  in an unexpected way.

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Atmospheric pollution
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• The emission sources of pollutant primary and of
  the secondary components it can be the most
  varied possible. The emission of poisonous gases
  for self-driven vehicles is the largest source of
  atmospheric pollution.
• In the cities, those vehicles are responsible for
  40 of the pollution of the air, because they
  emit gases as the monoxide and the carbon
  dioxide, the oxide of nitrogen, the dioxide of
  sulphur, derived of hydrocarbons and lead. The
  refineries of petroleum, chemical and
  metallurgical industries, paper mills and cement
  emit sulphur, lead and other heavy metals, and
  several solid residues.

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• The identification of a source of atmospheric
  pollution, depends, before anything else, of the
  patterns adopted to define the pollutant agents
  and their effects on men, animals, vegetables or
  other materials, as well as of the criteria to
  measure the pollutant ones and their effects.
• Those alterations provoke in the man breathing
  disturbances, allergies, degenerative lesions in
  the nervous system, and in vital organs, and
  cancer. In cities very polluted, those
  disturbances become worse in the winter with the
  thermal inversion, when a layer of cold air forms
  a glass dome in the high atmosphere, arresting
  the hot air and impeding the dispersion of the
  pollutant ones.

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Pollution of Soil
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The soil in ecosystem

• We already saw that the soil is integral part of
  the ecosystems, for its participation in the
  biochemical cycles. The use of water and
  nutrients are cyclical since, solitary of the
  soil, such elements return to the same through
  the biochemical cycles .

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The problem of the Garbage
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• The urban garbage is constituted predominantly by
  organic matter and as such it suffers intense
  decomposition, allowing the recycling. The
  decomposition can be made by two processes
  aerobium and anaerobe.

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The aerobic decomposition is much faster, and the
residues resultants are carbon gas, salts
minerals and some composed organic that, more
resistant to the biodegradation they don't arrive
the if to decompose totally. The anaerobic
decomposition, however it can originate composed
noxious, as gas sulphuric, mercaptans and others
composed that can be poisonous or to exhale bad
smell. The urban garbage suffers four processes
lixões, sanitary embankments, compost gem and
incineration. In the case of the "lixões", the
garbage is simply taken for wastelands where it
is exposed and it is taken advantage and people
can take the risk of contracting diseases. On the
other hand the lixão provokes intense
proliferation of flies and other insects. Another
inconvenience is the "corume", that it results of
the decomposition of the garbage and that it
pollutes the soil and the water tables.
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The resonant pollution differs enough of the
pollution of the air and of the water as for the
following aspects
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• a) The noise is produced everywhere and,
  therefore, it is not easy control him/it in the
  source as it happens in the pollution of the air
  and of the water
• b) Although the noise produces cumulative effects
  in the organism, in the same way that other
  pollution modalities, he/she differs for not
  leaving residue so soon in the atmosphere is
  interrupted
• c) Differing of the pollution of the air and of
  the water, the noise is just noticed in the
  proximities of the source

• d) there is No larger interest for the noise nor
  motivation for you combat him/it the people are
  more capable to complain and to demand political
  action concerning the pollution of the air and of
  the water than regarding the noise
• e)the noise, to the that seems, doesn't have more
  generic effects, as it happens with certain forms
  of pollution of the air and of the water, to
  example of the radioactive pollution. However I
  inconvenience him/it, the frustration, the
  aggression to the hearing apparel and the general
  fatigue caused by the resonant pollution can
  affect the future generations.

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 Causes of noises
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Noise in the Streets

• The traffic is the great cause of the noise in
  the life of the great cities. The characteristics
  of the noisy vehicles are the holed exhaust or
  rusty, the alterations in the silent or in the
  flushing pipe, the alterations in the motor and
  the bad habits when driving - accelerations and
  braked abrupt and the excessive use of horn.
• In the main streets of the city of São Paulo, the
  noise levels reach from 88 to 104 decibels. Why
  that explains the professional drivers are the
  main objective of acquired deafness. In the
  residential areas, the noise levels vary from 60
  to 63 decibels - above the 55 established
  decibels as limit for the Municipal Law of
  Silence.

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Noise in the Houses

• Conditioning of air, mixers, liquidizers, floor
  polishers, vacuum cleaners, washing machine ,
  refrigerators, sound apparels and of massage,
  televisions, hair dryers and so many other
  appliances can be present in a same residence,
  working simultaneously and adding their
  undesirable decibels.

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 Noise in the Industries

• It is of the most important the paper of the
  industry in the resonant pollution. After the
  great first war, it was that the increase of the
  professional diseases was verified, especially
  the deafness, besides the emergence of other
  diseases, owed to the amazing development brought
  by the industrial outbreak.
• In some European countries, like Sweden and
  Germany, where the statistical data portray the
  reality faithfully, it is impressive number
  him/it of workers that, in the industries, due to
  the noise, they are suffering audition loss.
• Seeking the workers' of the factories protection,
  in 1977 the United States established the maximum
  noise of 90 dB for the daily duration of 8 hours.
  It was verified with the adoption of that limit,
  a fifth of the workers were subject to hearing
  deficiencies. Therefore Holland and other
  countries lowered the limit for 80 dB.

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Noise of the Airplanes

• The departure and the arrival of airplanes to jet
  are accompanied of noises of great intensity that
  disturb the residents of the environs excessively

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Effects in the Man's audition
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• An individual's hearing capacity can be limited
  to 60. Though, for being him still capable to
  hear the own voice and certain routine noises,
  he/she doesn't worry about the deafness. The
  total loss of audition can be happened the person
  is subject daily, for 8 following hours, to
  sounds with superior intensity to 85 dB, as the
  registrars in discos factories of armaments and
  airports.
• The noise of 140 dB can totally destroy the
  eardrum, provoking what is called "blow-out of
  the eardrum."
• When the noise level reaches 100 dB can cause the
  "hearing trauma" and the consequent deafness. At
  the level of 120 dB, besides harming the hearing
  nerve, they provoke at least, constant buzzing in
  the ears, dizziness and increase of the
  nervousness.

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Effects in the Health
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a) Widespread reactions to the stress

• The World Organization of Health (OMS) it
  considers that the beginning of the hearing
  stress if of the under exhibitions to 55 dB.

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b) Physical reactions

• The noises increase the blood pressure, the heart
  rhythm and the muscular contractions. They are
  capable to interrupt the digestion, the
  contractions of the stomach, the flow of the
  saliva and of the gastric juices. They provoke
  larger adrenaline production and other hormones,
  increasing, in the blood, the flow of acids and
  glucose. In what he/she refers to the intense and
  lingering noise to which the individual
  habitually is exposed, they result more durable
  physiologic changes even permanent, including
  cardiovascular disorders, of ear-nose-throat and,
  in smaller degree, sensitive alterations in the
  secretion of hormones, in the gastric functions,
  physics and cerebral.
• In cases of chronic stress (permanent) in the
  workers, it has been verified psychological
  effects, psychological disturbances nauseas,
  migraines, irritability, emotional instability,
  reduction of the libido, anxiety, nervousness,
  hypertension, appetite loss, sleepiness,
  insomnia, prevalence increase of the it
  ulcerates, vital disturbances, I consummate of
  tranquillisers,, fatigues, productivity
  reduction, increases of the numbers of accidents,
  of medical consultations and absenteeism.

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c) mental and emotional Alterations

• The reactions in the psychic sphere depend on the
  agent's characteristics, of the middle, and of
  the emotional conditions of the host, in the
  moment of the exhibition. The reactions can show
  through irritability, anxiety, excitability,
  discomfort, fear, tension and insomnia.

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Effects of the noise in plant and animals
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• According to the zoologists, the largest
  difficulties of adaptation of the animals to the
  captivity, elapse mainly of the artificial noise
  of the great cities.
• On the other hand, it is proved that is at the
  places of a lot of noise more accentuated the
  presence of mice and cockroaches, potential
  agents of transmission of diseases.
• The resonant vibrations produced by airplane
  motors provoke the change of posture of the birds
  and decrease of its productivity.

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Radioactive pollution
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• Since the beginning of the atomic era, the
  hundreds of experiences with nuclear material
  have been playing enormous amounts of radioactive
  residues in the atmosphere. The drafts take
  charge of distributing this material for all of
  the areas of the Earth. With the time, the
  suspension is brought for the soil and for the
  oceans, where it will be absorbed and incorporate
  for the alive beings.
• Besides the direct liberation of radioactive
  material, the serious problem of the nuclear
  waste exists, produced by the nuclear power
  stations, that it presents a series of
  difficulties in its storage.

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• Strontium-90 radioactive liberated by leaks or
  nuclear explosions can cause serious problems
  when assimilated. Once in the sanguine current,
  he is confused with the calcium (to see the
  distribution both in the periodic table) and
  absorbed for the bone fabric, where it will be
  fastened. Now being part of the bones, he emits
  his/her radiation and it will end for provoking
  serious cancerous mutations in the blood found
  in the bone marrow.

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Main radioactive elements

• IODINE
• 131PLUTÔNIO
• 239 STRONTIUM
• 90 URANIUM
• COBALT
• CALCIUM

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Nuclear energy
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• In the fifties, this type of energy came as the
  ideal eugenic solution ideal for the humanity.
  However, after several accidents, among the ones
  which the one of the plant Chernobyl (Ukraine) in
  the decade of 80, it started to be very
  questioned his/her use. The explosion risks and
  contamination are big, what turns reckless
  his/her use.
• Several countries, like the USA, England, Japan,
  Russia and other, they used nuclear power plants.
  However, other, like Sweden, Norway and Germany,
  they have been disabling their nuclear programs
  and even disassembling plants.

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• The Brazilian nuclear program, from its
  implantation, was very questioned, for several
  reasons.
• Nowadays, Brazil has a nuclear power plant in
  operation in Angra dos Reis (RJ).

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It is so good that the world will be always
like this
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This work belongs to

• Horácio Ribeiro

• Pedro Cardoso

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THE END