AVIAN INFLUENZA UPDATE

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AVIAN INFLUENZA UPDATE CONTROL STRATEGIES

• Fred. L. Musisi William Amanfu
• RIACSO (FAO)-Pretoria/Animal Health Service
• FAO/UN
• Pretoria-South Africa/Rome-Italy
• March 7, 2006
• Pretoria-South Africa

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Presentation Outline

• Avian influenza the disease
• History of the disease
• Current situation
• FAO response
• Conclusion

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Avian Influenza History of the disease

• Avian Influenza (AI) has been recognized as a
  highly lethal viral disease of poultry since
  1901.
• 1955 a specific type (A) of influenza virus was
  identified as the causal agent of what was then
  called fowl plague
• Current outbreaks started in 2004 in South Asia

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Avian Influenza History of the disease

• Comparing to the recent crisis, most of the
  previous outbreaks have shown very limited spread
  (UK 1991)
• However.
• Hong Kong 1997 HPAI caused serious disease in
  both people and poultry in
• 18 human cases were recorded with 6 fatal cases

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Avian Influenza the disease

• Aetiology
• Viruses of Avian Influenza (AI) are found in the
  family Orthomyxoviridae.
• Orthomixoviridae are classified into
• types A, B, C
• AI virus belongs to type A

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Avian Influenza the disease

• Virulence
• Two distinct groups with ability to cause disease
  in chicken
• Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) fowl
  plague
• Virus restricted to H5, H7 (Notifiable HPAI)
• Mortality may be as high as 100
• Low pathogenic avian influenza (Notifiable LPAI)
  e.g. H5N2
• Cause much milder disease

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Avian Influenza the disease

• Natural hosts
• Ducks, Domestic fowl, geese, turkeys, guinea
  fowl, quail, pheasants.
• Wild birds

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CURRENT SITUATION IN NIGERIA

• Index case in Jaji-Kaduna State on February 7,
  2006-Confirmation of H5N1 from OIE/FAO Avian Flu
  Collaborating Centre, Padova-Italy
• 6 more states (Kano, Bauchi, Plateau, Nasarawa,
  Yobe, Federal Capital Territory) of the Federal
  Republic of Nigeria so far affected.
• Current control policy is Stamping Out with
  compensation and movement restrictions. Option of
  vaccination being considered by Government.
• FAO,OIE/AU-IBAR, WHO-CDC, USDA, USAID, EU are
  providing technical and logistic support.
• Outbreak of H5N1 confirmed in Niger believed to
  be an extension of that in Nigeria.

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SITUATION IN NIGER
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Countries Reporting HPAI in February 2006
Date of Report Country Species Affected Human Cases Virus Type
27/02/06 Niger Chickens No H5N1
Malaysia No H5N1
20/02/06 Austria Swan/Poultry No H5N1
20/02/06 B/Herzegovina Swan No H5N1
19/02/06 Egypt Chickens No H5N1
18/02/06 India Poultry No H5N1
18/02/06 Slovenia Swan No H5
16/02/06 Germany Swan No H5N1
15/02/06 Iran No H5N1
15/02/06 Azerbaijan Wild birds No H5N1
13/02/06 Greece Red Breasted Goose No H5N1
11/02/06 Italy Mute Swans No H5N1
06/02/06 Nigeria Chickens No H5N1
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FAO RESPONSE TO CHANGE IN DYNAMICS OF SPREAD OF
HPAI

• International workshops, Coordinating Meetings,
  Epidemiological and economic impact analysis
• EMPRES/FAO Early warning Messages on potential
  spread of HPAI through migratory birds.
• Donor appeal-Rome, Geneva, Beijing
• Increased interaction-WCS/WI/WWF-
• OFFLU
• National Regional TCPs-Asia
• Rapid approval of 5 TCPs Southern Europe/Africa
• Caucasus to be coordinated from Hungary
• Middle East to be coordinated from Beirut-Lebanon
• Northern Africa to be coordinated from
  Cairo-Egypt
• Eastern/Southern Africa to be coordinated from
  Nairobi-Kenya
• Western/Central Africa to be coordinated from
  Bamako-Mali

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Global Framework for the Progressive control of
Transboundary Animal Diseases GF-TADs FAO-OIE

• To improve the protein food security, alleviate
  poverty, and improve the incomes of countries
• Safeguard the world livestock industry (of
  developed as well as developing countries) from
  repeated shocks of infectious animal disease
  epidemics
• Promoting safe and globalized trade in livestock
  and animal products
• Controlling TADs at source

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KEY ELEMENTS OF HPAI PROJECTS IN REGIONS AT RISK

• AI disease surveillance (laboratory
  /field)-Capacity building for rapid detection
• Emergency preparedness plans
• Public awareness creation.
• Surveillance of migratory bird flyway patterns
• Risk assessment of potential dangers of disease
  spread

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• NATIONAL TCPs
• Disease situation
• Support to diagnostic
• and surveillance
• Design strategies and
• contingency planning
• Training
• Equipment

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A Global Strategy for the Progressive Control of
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
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Response of countries to HPAIoutbreaks

• Control measures undertaken by countries
• stamping out-culling impose quarantine and rapid
  surveillance of to determine extent of spread,
  close and disinfect markets. Sick and dead birds
  should not enter the human food chain
• Quarantine and movement control tightly
  controlled quarantine on all places suspected of
  being infected. Use of security agents and custom
  officials.
• Movement of farm workers who keep
  poultry at home
• Biosecurity Measures Disinfection
  processes-Bioexclusion
• Vaccination (China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Vietnam
  others in Europe).

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Biosecurity

• Biosecurity
• Is a challenge to prevent spread of this
  infection to chickens.
• One of the most common breaks in biosecurity is
• the entry of people bringing in contaminated
• materials (clothes, shoes, soil on hands) to
  where
• susceptible animals are kept.

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Vaccination

• Major support strategy when the disease has
  spread to such an extent that
• It has overwhelmed the resources of national
  governments
• Or the economic cost of widespread slaughter
  campaign cannot be borne.
• If used in accordance with the FAO/OIE standards,
  vaccines are effective
• provide excellent protection against clinical
  disease in chicken by reducing mortality and and
  production losses.

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Vaccination

• Vaccination of poultry also reduces the viral
  load in the environment and thereby decreases the
  risk of transmission to poultry and humans
• Depending on the incidence and distribution of
  outbreaks, vaccination may be undertaken around
  outbreak (ring vaccination) and through out the
  poultry population (Mass Vaccination)
• Sentinels poultry may be used to monitor the
  effect of vaccination in addition to cloacal swab
  and serological testing

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Vaccination

• When deciding to use AI vaccine in poultry,
• a simple animal health algorithm, in decreasing
  order of application, should be used
• high risk situations - e.g. as ring vaccination
  outside the outbreak zone
• rare captive birds, such as those in zoological
  collections
• valuable genetic poultry stock, such as pure
  lines or grandparent stocks whose individual
  value is high
• long-lived poultry, such as egg layers or parent
  breeders and
• meat production poultry

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CONCLUSION

• The Avian influenza crisis is currently one of
  the most important public health issues of our
  time with tremendous implications for peoples
  livelihoods and socio-economic impacts.
• These require effective inter-sectoral
  collaboration between the Ministries of
  Agriculture and Health of countries in order to
  solve the problems associated with these
  outbreaks.

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THANK YOU